The third emperor, Akbar (15421605), instituted the mansabdar, Sultanate-Period Architecture of South Asia, Sultan, Sohaib 1980(? Sponsored: Find a Qualified Financial Advisor. [Source: Metropolitan Museum of Art Suzan Yalman, Department of Education, The Metropolitan Museum of Artmetmuseum.org \^/], Notwithstanding the advance of Crusader armies, battles against the Byzantines, and conflicts with neighboring rival Turkic principalities, the Seljuks were able to establish uncontested authority following the Latin conquest of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade (1204).The first half of the thirteenth century corresponds to the zenith of Seljuk power in Anatolia until they were defeated by the Ilkhanids, the Mongol dynasty ruling in Iran, at the Battle of Kse Dagh (1243). \^/, In 2016, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York hosted a magnificent exhibition of Islamic art from the Seljuk (Seljuq, Seljuqid) period called Court & Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. Ken Johnson wrote in the New York Times, The exhibition presents about 250 objects, mostly of portable size. The faith of the Turks at the origin was Shamanism, and these figural elements The Ottoman Empire was tremendously Islamic. Mongols. "Seljuks > Fought in: Modern-day Iran. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The Seljuk elite could not persuade these gazis to live within the framework of a bureaucratic Persian state, content with collecting taxes and patrolling trade routes. The rulers of the Seljuk dynasty were known as the Great Seljuk. His deceased father had picked his younger brother Suleiman to be the next sultan. Encyclopedia.com. Study Resources. Both sides spent so much preparing to fight each other they were left vulnerable to other attackers. As the Moors crossed the Meditterranean Sea and claimed territory in Europe, Spain was uncomfortable with encroachment by non-Christians and met the Moors in battle. Seljuks developed the classic mosque plan with four iwans, barrel-vaulted chambers, arranged around a court. The majority of the figural elements are The main religious book of these people is Rigveda. In Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 6001600, edited by David J. Roxburgh, pp. WebThe Seljuk Empire is a formable of Turkmenistan. He also took into custody the Byzantine emperor Romanus IV Diogenes. filled with floral and decorative elements. Though the Seljuk Turks lost some of their gained territory as a result of the Crusades, the Byzantine Empire was overstretched by the conflicts and could not maintain its territory. . Al-Jazaris inventions may sound whimsical, but they were based on cutting-edge science of the day. By the 7 th centruy, these simple dormitories had developed into more complex establishments called ribat, a word that may be translated as "inn." See The Seljuk Empire gave control of Anatolia to many small Turkic beyliks, or princes, which pledged loyalty to the Seljuks. woven with rare silks. "Sultanates: Seljuk [Source: Ken Johnson, New York Times, January 9, 2016 /*/], While all of this testifies to an aesthetically and technologically sophisticated culture, a nonspecialist might wonder what is distinctively Seljuqian about it what distinguishes it from, say, medieval Islamic arts and crafts in general. You are using an outdated browser. His death came while hunting. taken as war booty, thus bringing additional design vocabulary to the Seljuk Expert Help. The shapes fleeing the upheaval in the east caused by the advancing Mongols. It has a fanciful duck engraved into its inner bottom and a verse engraved around its outer rim that, translated into English, reads: For 260 years, the Byzantines and Seljuks lost and retook territory in Asia Minor and the surrounding areas. Persian-Roman Wars WebAt its height, the Empire controlled much of southeastern Europe, most of the area of the present day Middle East, and parts of North Africa. Skyscraper in New York WebSeljuk Turks Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Brezhnev Doctrine Brezhnev Era Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Dallas Internet Addiction Treatment Centers - Internet Addiction Empire, imperial, and imperialism are ter, Babylonia (bbln), ancient empire of Mesopotamia. During the reign of Sultan Togrul III (reign 1176 to 1194), the Abbasid caliph an-Nasir formed an alliance with the Khwarezmshah Takash. WebThe Seljuk Empire (10501300 AD) was a medieval Turkish Empire based in central Anatolia. Introducing The Great Seljuk Empire. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. > Duration: 1265-1479 (214 years) Further divisions emerged following the death of Tutush I as his sons Duqaq and Radwan fought each other for control of Syria. Such objects were often decorated with Arabic inscriptions written in the "animated" script, developed during this period, in which the letters were transformed into human and animal figures. Trkestan Orientaal's links to Turkic languages users.telenet.be/orientaal/turkcestan ; Turkish Culture Portal turkishculture.org ; Those constructed in the early part of the century generally conford to a standard plan of a courtyard and enclosed arens covering the same amount of ground. Each advisor has been vetted by SmartAsset and is held to a fiduciary standard to act in your best interests. > Fought in: Modern-day Turkey, western Asia Minor. Turks Before the Ottomans - the Seljuk Empire > Killed: unknown > Duration: 92 B.C.-A.D. 629 (721 years) The 1070s and 1080s also saw the conquest by Turcomans, more or less under Seljuk authority, of Syria and Palestine. Rather, they commissioned artistic and decorative works from artisans of various subject peoples. The Seljuk army stayed close to its nomadic roots. Apar, DHIMMA WebSeljuks grand sons after defeating Ghaznavids in 1040 founded an empire and decleared themselves to be the protectors of the caliph Their empire with caliphs prestige, Turkish Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. SELJUKS (Arab. However, the date of retrieval is often important. On the other hand, the jizya (poll tax) taken from the non-Muslims was regularly collected, making an important contribution to the revenues of the empire (and representing a real burden to the dhimms, both as individuals and communities). Sinop - Namuwiki On November 24, 1072, he was killed by an enemy soldier during his campaign in Turkestan. If youre ready to be matched with local advisors that can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now. In Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 6001600, edited by David J. Roxburgh, pp. In 1071 Alp Arslan routed the Byzantine army at Manzikert near Lake Van, opening all of Anatolia to conquest by the Turks.*. It was founded by Turkic soldiers in 1077 and ended in 1231 CE. The pastoralist Turks overtook Asia Minor during the 1070s and ruled until 1300. At its peak, the Seljuk Empire covered areas from western Anatolia, the Levant, and many areas in Central Asia. The name is sometimes given to the whole civilization of S Mesopotamia, including the states e, Type of Government https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sultanates-seljuk, "Sultanates: Seljuk seljuk empire By the mid-11th century, they had gone on to become the dominant power in the region, supplanting the Ghaznavids. At the Battle of Nasa Plains in 1035, the Seljuks, led by warlords Chagri and Tughril, defeated the Ghaznavid dynasty, a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic Mamluk origin. That is why vocabulary in place at the time. In the 13th century, the region of Anatolia (most of the Asian part of present day Turkey) was controlled by the Byzantine Empire in the northwest and the Seljuk Turks in the southwest. Tughril, who co-ruled with his brother Chagri, was a powerful military leader who brought many Turkmen warriors of Central Asia under his control. Seljuk is believed to have hailed from the Qiniq tribe, one of the numerous tribes that made up Oghuz Turkic people. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The 20 Longest Wars in History Page 5 24/7 Wall St. The first is the expansion of Islamic statesthat is, states whose ruling elite consisted, Jihad Sultan Malik-Shah I (8 August 1055 19 November 1092) is credited with ushering in the golden age of Great Seljuk, a period that saw tremendous growth in the social and economic fortunes of the Seljuk Empire, as well territorial gains. The =, Architecture and function Architecture is always determined by climatic and environmental conditions but never more so than in the case of caravanserais, to which the problem of security had to be added. [Source: Library of Congress, January 1995 *], While they engaged in state building, the Seljuks also emerged as the champions of Sunni Islam against the religion's Shiite sect. It encompasses Asia and Europe . 10401157) The Seljuks were ambitious builders who constructed great madrassahs, mosques, hospitals, inns, bridges and roads from stone. In 1040, the Seljuks, who belonged to the Oghuz Turks, decisively defeated the Ghaznavid Sultan Masud under the leadership of two brothers, Tughril Beg and Chagri Beg. In Anatolia, Kilij Arslan I succeeded the Sultan. Small-scale objects, easily In 1071, he led his Seljuk warriors to victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert. Books: Hillenbrand, Robert, ed. Seljuk Empire: Origins, Formation, Rulers, & Facts SELJUK TURK RULE, TRADE, ART AND CULTURE | Facts Sultan Han On the Kayseri-Sivas road is another caravanserai with the name Sultan Han. They built palaces, mosques, madrasas and hospitals in Islamic architectural styles. Out of those victories, the Seljuks were able to establish an empire that would later become the Great Seljuk Empire. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Seljuk Empire The 20 Longest Wars in History Page 5 24/7 Wall St. Ottoman Empire and Turk Resources University of Michigan umich.edu/~turkis ; Alp Arslan continued in the footsteps of his father and uncle by expanding the boundaries of the Seljuk Empire into Armenia and Georgia in 1064. D, https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/seljuks. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1968. They went on to establish an empire in Iran that soon extended to Mesopotamia, where and the material culture of this period is now being actively studied. Although their were regional differences, it can be said that the Seljuk Penfield Senior High School. International Journal of Heritage Architecture, 2(1): 174185. There can, however, be no doubt about the long-term impact of the colleges on the pattern of learning and subsequent development of Sunni Islam. and other vegetal motifs were used on their own, as background fillers for other One outstanding example of the selective and far from consistent implementation of the Covenant of Omar was the Jewish tax-farmer Ibn Alln, one of Nim al-Mulk's protgs, who was executed by some of the latter's opponents in 107980. If we are to believe the often flowery and This section is more for the technologically minded Seljuk Sultans Family Tree. In his ascent to the throne, he had to fend of his uncle Kutalmish at the battle of Damghan in 1063. In his indispensable catalog essay, the historian A. C. S. Peacock observes, The Seljuqs appear to have been the first rulers actively to court the support of the Sufis in exchange for both popular legitimacy and spiritual rewards in the form of the blessings (baraka) of a holy man. The Sufi poet Rumi (120773) lived and prospered under the Anatolian Seljuqs in Konya, and the great Sufi philosopher Ibn Arabi (11651240) spent time at the Seljuq court there. [Source: Ken Johnson, New York Times, January 9, 2016], Websites and Resources: Ottoman Empire and Turks: The Ottomans.org theottomans.org ; Ottoman Text Archive Project University of Washington courses.washington.edu ; Wikipedia article on the Ottoman Empire Wikipedia ; Seljuk Empire - Wikipedia Nomadic invaders from Central Asia, the Seljuqs did not impose on their subjects a traditional aesthetic or religion of their own. In 1105, however, the laws were abolished. DEFINITIONS Alladddin Mosque and Ulu Mosque in Konya are fine examples of Seljuk architecture. The result was a strong, loyal, and militant class of Sunni scholars, who in turn influenced the tone and policy of Seljuk rule. World Religions edited by Geoffrey Parrinder (Facts on File Publications, New York); Arab News, Jeddah; Islam, a Short History by Karen Armstrong; A History of the Arab Peoples by Albert Hourani (Faber and Faber, 1991); Encyclopedia of the World Cultures edited by David Levinson (G.K. Hall & Company, New York, 1994). However, Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. They were Sunnis with a strong tendency towards Sufism. WebMongol invasions of Anatolia occurred at various times, starting with the campaign of 12411243 that culminated in the Battle of Kse Da.Real power over Anatolia was exercised by the Mongols after the Seljuks surrendered in 1243 until the fall of the Ilkhanate in 1335. Features of Seljuk architecture include gateways with monumental stalactites known as muqarnas. At first only a few Seljuks entered Asia Minor, but when they defeated the Byzantines at Malazgirt the floodgates opened and waves of Turkish immigrants poured in. Turkey. Some of them are still referred to by the name sultanhan who others acquired local names to distinguish them. Seljuks were led by fierce and competent rulers that expanded their empire across Anatolia, establishing a provincial capital in Nicaea (Iznik), not far from the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, and engaged in commercial relations with Italian republics such as Venice. For almost 300 years, the Spanish tried and failed to colonize the Araucanian people, which included the Mapuche, the Picunche, and the Huilliche, of modern day Chile. One of them, Sultan Sanjar (10971157), became a powerful ruler in the East, but the disintegration of the empire elsewhere set in irreversibly. American Travelers to the Holy Land in the 19th Century Shapell Manuscript Foundation shapell.org/historical-perspectives/exhibitions ; Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. Iberian Religious War The Seljuk sultan suffered a humiliated defeat at the hands of Takash, the Shah of Khwarezmid Empire. Also important during this period were funerary monuments, the most prominent being the immense Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar in Merv (r. ca. Seljuks created a unique artistic world with cultural links reaching out from the Anatolian heartland to central Asia, the Middle East and the shores of the Mediterrannean and Konya is the significant example of this world. After Sultan Alp and his Seljuk forces famously defeated the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Sultan captured Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes (c. 1030-1071). Alp Arslans conversation with Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes. The legal status of monotheistic non-Muslims and Zoroastrians under Islamic rule which they, collectively or individually, expressly accept. On the basis of the examples remaining and other evidence, this menzil seems to have averaged about 30 kilometre the equivalent, under normal conditions, of a six-hour journey to which another two hours had to be added for arduous travel in regions like deserts. THEORIES AND POLEMICS This in turn made Islam stronger and unified the Muslim world on deeper more individual level. 5. Turkey in Asia, 1920 wdl.org ; Although they are mostly remembered Seljuk Turks Along with Perso-Islamic traditions, however, Anatolia had a strong Byzantine and Armenian Christian heritage, which now intermingled with Central Asian Turkic nomadic, northern Mesopotamian, and Crusader cultures. spread of decorative fashions and styles. Also significant, though little known today due to few surviving examples, were the arts of the book.\^/, The Seljuks were also great patrons of architecture. Their power increased further as queen mothers under the atabeg system after the fragmentation of the Seljuk territories, and a few of them ruled in their own right after the death of their husbands, as did Zahida Khatun, who ruled Fars in southern Iran for over twenty years in the mid-twelfth century. With the help of two viziers from the era of Sultan Alp Nizam al-Mulk and Taj al-Mulk Malik Shah I was able to intensify the Empires expansion into many places, including Iran, Byzantine Empire, and other Arab territories. This effectively ended Byzantine rule in Anatolia. It is another of those caravanserais whose massive portal and rowers give it the appearance of a fortified castle. According to Ibn a-Athir, an Arab chronicler, the Seljuks returned from the battle with vast riches and several tens of thousands of captives. (We should remember, however, that the caliph's power was limited, so the extent of these measures may not have extended far beyond Baghdad.) These wares most ." The Ottoman Empire continued to grow during the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries, while the Byzantine-controlled territory shrank. It is known as the empire of the Great Seljuks, and remained unified for some half a century. of this period can be seen in the many Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. M. Gil, A History of Palestine, 6341099 (tr. The Seljuk official par excellence was the wazir Nim al-Mulk, who served the sultans Alp Arslan (106372) and Malikshah (107292) until his assassination. Romanos was humiliated while held captive by the Seljuks. Raids on the Byzantine frontier eventually led to the Battle of Manzikert (modern Malazgirt in eastern Turkey) in 1071 and the resulting Seljuk victory opened Anatolia to Turkic settlement. The massive walls and supporting turret-towers give the building the appearance of a fortress. =. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/seljuks. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2005. Under Alp-Arslan and Malik-Shah, the empire came to include all of Iran, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine; Alp-Arslans victory The Khwarazmian Empire was a state that ruled over Persia and parts of Central Asia at its peak. 3. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit. Unfortunately for the humiliated emperor, while he was held captive by the Seljuks, he was overthrown in a palace coup in Byzantium. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Morgan, Medieval Persia, 10001797 (1988), 2550. Similarly when the time came for him to invade Armenia and Georgia in 1064, Sultan Alp Arslan relied heavily on Vizier Nizam. Boyle, J. Saljq), dynasty of Turkic origin which ruled *Iran and the surrounding countries in the 11th and 12th centuries. Ottoman Turks Ken Johnson wrote in the New York Times, Nominally Sunni, the Seljuqs cultivated a remarkably tolerant, progressive and pluralistic culture. =, They were arranged along trade routes at intervals that were calculated in view of the amount of distance that a caravan could be expected to cover in a single day. Among the personnel there would certainly be a wainman, a blacksmith, a money-changer, a tailor, a cobbler, a physician, a veterinary, and so on. 27 Apr. contribution to, the universal decorative lexicon of the Middle Ages in the Near In the early 11th century they entered the area around Uzbekistan with a cavalry of nomadic troops and began claiming more and more territory. Again taverns were closed and wine was poured into the streets. SmartAssets free tool matches you with up to 3 fiduciary financial advisors in your area in 5 minutes. For decades, Samsungs forward-thinking and diverse teams have pushed humanity aheadfrom cutting-edge home appliances and entertainment systems to mobile and the advancement of 5G, and all of the discoveries still to come. Covering 3,900 square meters, it is the second-largest of the buildings of the group. Figural: although rare in Islamic art, figural representation is seen are symbols of this faith. However, Mahmud Is claim to the throne was contested by three other children of Malik Barkiyaruq in Iraq, Ahmad Sanjar in Khorasan, and Muhammad I in Baghdad. Phoebe, a first generation Titaness in Greek mythology, Sargon the Great: History, Facts & Achievements, The Boston Massacre: The American Revolution. Under the Seljuk Turks in 11th and 12th centuries Merv was the greatest city in the Islamic world and was known as Merv, Queen of the World. It also believed to have been the inspiration for a number of tales in Thousand and One Nights. From their homelands near the Aral sea, the The borders of the Seljuk Sultanate were under constant pressure from the Crusaders in the west, the Arabs in the south and the Mongols in the east. The article Iran contains a description of the geography and economy of the mo, Osman I (1259-1326) was the leader of a tribe of conquering warriors, who formed an independent state out of which arose the great Ottoman Empire. WebThe Ottoman Turks, were a Turkic ethnic group. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. carried, were traded over great distances. museums of the world and in both a result of, as well as a The Seljuk Empire is said to have reached its peak during the reign of Sultan Malikshah I. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. apotropaic meanings, such as fertility, power, hegemony and the moon and sun. Encyclopedia.com. Similarly, there were attempts to dismiss them from government positions. Seljq was the chief of a nomadic Turkish tribe. ." They were active in courtly politics, and acted as patrons of religion and learning. Suzan Yalman of the Metropolitan Museum of Art wrote: Under the Seljuk sultanate, Iran enjoyed a period of material and cultural prosperity, and the ingenuity in architecture and the arts during this period had a notable impact on later artistic developments. Pancaroglu, Oya. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. The Seljuk Empire came out on tops, leaving the Byzantine Empire extremely shocked. Scientific devices include an astrolabe and a brass cantaloupe-size globe that shines like gold. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. . In some cases some independent atabegs in places that Thanks to many ongoing excavation programs, new evidence is coming to light ." HISTORY. According to UNESCO: Konya a cradle of many civilizations, became a center of culture and politics during the period of Seljuks. To manage his ever growing empire, Sultan Alp Arslan divided his empire into territories, which were each governed by an atabeg (i.e. His son, Malekshah (10721092), completed the conquest of Syria in 1084. Although the commanders of the Seljuk Empire were busy fighting the Because the Seljuk sultan rebelled several times, in 1255, the Mongols swept through It spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south. Also during Malik-Shah IS reign, the capital was moved from Ray to Isfahan. Empire The most frequent design seen is the so-called "Seljuk star". document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); World History Edu 2023. Caravanserais were huge accommodations, facilities that provided shelter, food and drink for a caravan's full complement of people, animals, and cargo and could also handle its needs for maintenance, treatment, and care. Log in Join. Its been said that their expansion triggered the First Crusaders (1095-1099), whose goal was to recover those lost lands as well as the ones in the Holy Land that was at the time in the hands of Islamic rulers. The Byzantine Empire was involved in more than two centuries-long conflicts, the longest being the war with the Seljuk Turks. /*/, Consider, for example, a lovely hemispherical wine cup just three inches in diameter made of hammered gold in Iran in the 11th century. geometric or calligraphic patterns on all the decorative arts. Beginning in the second half of the twelfth century, the art of inlaying bronze or brass objects with precious metals such as copper, silver, and gold became prominent in the eastern Iranian province of Khorasan. They used brick with great sophistication to create arches and domes as well as complex surface patterns. their own distinctive style. The Seljuk sultans and the women of the ruling household endowed similar colleges throughout the empire. The orthodox Seljuks and their client princes considered reenactment of the so-called Covenant of *Omar, i.e., the repressive laws designed to differentiate and humiliate non-Muslims, as an integral part of their policy. In 1492, the Spanish recaptured Grenada and cemented their status in the region, ending the Reconquista. Much of the damage was financial. The Seljuk ruling and upper classes also developed a lifestyle taste for WebThe Seljuq Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. After bloody power struggle in the region, the Seljuks became a dominant force. can be simple or complex, and can be seen in small objets or on large decorative certainly inspired local artists at Konya and elsewhere in the Seljuk realm to Though the Spanish conquistadors came to control much of South America, the Mapuche resisted, largely thanks to the natural border of the Bio Bio River. . Brothers Tughril (990-1063) and Chaghri (989-1060) are credited with the formation of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century AD. The Mughal Empire was run by an emperor who had absolute authority. STAR Guides provides families with navigation Encyclopdia Britannica article on the Ottoman Empire britannica.com ; Examples of rulers to hold the title of Sultan of Seljuk Empire include Malik Shah I (reign 1072-1092), Mahmud bin Malik Shah (reign- 1092-1094), and Muhammad I Tapar (1105-1118). The mathematician and poet Omar Khayyam flourished under the Tughril is regarded as the founder of the Seljuk Empire. In any event, by the mid-1090s the Fatimids had regained control over Palestine. In Syria, Maliks brother Tutush I became sultan, and in Persia, his son Mahmud I took the reins of power. Some settled in a land they called their home even to this very day Turkey Advertisement Annyohasayo Answer: the Turks Migrated From Central Seljuk Empire | Technology Trends "The Seljuks of Iran and Their Successors." See Article History. Alternative Title: Seljuk. Seljuq, also spelled Seljuk, ruling military family of the Ouz (Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. Known as Seljuk Empire, this state was declared the protector of Islam by Abbasid Caliph who was living in Baghdad and it ruled over the holy lands. Calligraphy: Mostly seen in inscriptions on buildings (kufic and > Combatants: Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire Alp-Arslan famously defeated the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert. WebSamsung is at the forefront of innovation, developing technologies that bring people together.