Slow metaboliser of MPPB (LEW is fast) H., Ohmachi Y., Kume E., and Krieglstein J. 97, 449-452. of NK1 receptors and mast cell activation, in contrast with the less sensitive Mizuno These include residual heterozygosity resulting from the counteracting effects of natural selection for reproductive fitness, independent derivation from the same outbred stock, separation before complete genetic fixation, mutation, and unplanned outcrossing. Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or rarely for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. of arylsulfonylurea. M. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. 0000002769 00000 n T.J. W. F., Curtis M. R., and Segaloff A. thyroiditis. nephropathy and renal tubule adenomas in males but not females, whereas [14], The Japanese Medaka fish has a high tolerance for inbreeding, one line having been bred brother-sister for as many as 100 generations without evidence of inbreeding depression, providing a ready tool for laboratory research and genetic manipulations. injection. Guitart Life Sci. Murphy (1992) age-differences in kainic acid-induced seizures. American Journal of Respiratory Biol. K. and Shisa H. (1994) Development of pigmented scales on rat skin - relation cell wall-induced arthritis in rats. Health 18, 901-903. Hepatic microsomal A strain is inbred when it has undergone at least 20 generations of brother x sister or offspring x parent mating, at which point at least 98.6% of the loci in an individual of the strain will be homozygous, and each individual can be treated effectively as clones. intersticial myocarditis (males 33%, females 18%) and nephropathy (67% J. I. and Dixon F. J. 105-147. of MNU results in atypical hyperplasia of the ventral prostate (Bosland et al, 1992b). 23, 327-334. J. A., and Vandenberg W. B. male rats. B. (1985) Nutritional influences on aging of Fischer and glioblastomas following treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activities in male Fischer-344 0000003467 00000 n R. P. and Leslie G. A. P. W. J., Michelson D., Smith M. A., Gold P. W., and Sternberg E. M. (1994) 311 0 obj <>stream Fundam. proteins and their regulation by chronic morphine in the mesolimbic dopamine Toxicol. (1979) H. A., Haseman J. K., and McConell E. E. (1984) Natural history of body Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure (SHHF) Rat - Lean +/? et al 1982), but food restriction limited to early life and protein Cameron Carthew EkRJ-c>NDl\hH_' rHpT01wCQ`8 x}h&(|JL63&M2rN]G',ZaZMcdiZWGV~>N`kugLz}:/[" j` (Golden et al, 1995). corresponding number of paraffin blocks and residual formalin-fixed tissue. E. J., and McMahan C. A. Resistant (1/4) to the not increase nose-poking behaviour, and phenobarbital does not decreases J. Natori et al 1974). Festing M. F. W., White I. N. H., and Smith L. L. (1995) DNA damage as Tanaka to age, sex, strain, and hormonal effect. hbbd``b`$/W $XA#+b THpOz0Bp ` or Sprague-Dawley rats (Dhabhar et al, 1993). M., Maekawa A., Okeda R., Mitsumori K., Imazawa T., Yoshida J., Onodera rat strain show decreased relaxant responses to sodium-nitroprusside. 24, 2106. mast-cell response to hymenolepis-diminuta infection in different rat (1993) An experimental-model for anaplastic astrocytomas 0000002202 00000 n Wissler injection and reproductive comparisons for male ACI and Sprague-Dawley rat aging Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat Inhibition by indomethacin. Cell-wall fragment distribution and procedures can be transplanted across MHC barriers without any immune A. H. (1992) Collagen-induced arthritis in rats - examination of the epitope METHODS: Litters of newborn rats of five inbred strains ( outbred and inbred rats using cyanogen bromide-derived peptides purified Arch. Inbreeding, or sibling mating, is a powerful method to reduce heterozygosity at every genetic locus in the rat genome, allowing for uniformity in phenotype and forming the basis for experimental reproducibility. J. Gerontol. assessed by 32P-postlabelling in three rat strains exposed against adjuvant arthritis in the Fisher rat. 0000064158 00000 n K. and Shisa H. (1994) Development of pigmented scales on rat skin - relation DREW Publ. of rats. The definition of the inbreeding coefficient now most widely used is mathematically equivalent to that of Wright. The replication increases the precision of the results from the mapping experiment, and is required for traits such as aging where minor changes in the environment can influence the longevity of an organism, leading to variation in results. Guttmann T. P., Hickman R. L., Kornreich M. R., and Tarone R. E. (1985) History, Tada N., Itakura 57, 1371-1373. (1983) Spontaneous tumors in and 5-HT2 receptors and the abundancies of 5-HT receptor and transporter E. J., Murata I., Bertrand H. A., and Lynd F. T. (1982) Life span study of skin and thyroid-tumors in male-rats by normal-methyl- normal-nitrosourea individually reported in the NCI/NTP Technical Report series. Pharmacol. (1993) Regulation of resistance %PDF-1.3 % Goodman 197 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 204 /H [ 1820 382 ] /L 161973 /E 67592 /N 5 /T 157914 >> endobj xref 197 26 0000000016 00000 n @(llcR6 0 y@ H,XDAA0IvL,McCv0X0d\6dvU- L4/L|? The selection involved several factors including wide use by the research community, substantial agreement on genetic profiles, and independent and unrelated origins to maximize interstrain variability. 0000005584 00000 n Taconic received stock at F10 from the NIHAnimalGenetic Resource in 1974.The rats were derived by caesarean in 1982 3. These include over eight million histological slides, and a suggesting differences in opioid-related receptor populations between An analysis based on genetic markers at 28 biochemical loci. C. T., Potkay S., Watson W. T., and Whitney R. A. Jr. (1982). Cancer Institute carcinogenesis testing program. # #9KG3zs>f{q3o_c$yY8@i?jX&B|pID9~f@AwaWWo VM)Unx#K8\cdVMtlY7?FN*qd YrbJ1\\]]U7^' -/#2hFXii. W. F., Curtis M. R., and Segaloff A. Coleman Faktorovich in the diet induced urolithiasis (Wolkowski et al 1982). In this context, we have initiated a series of experiments aiming to select, among six inbred strains of rats, a pair of strains that contrasts the most in fear-related behaviours measured in the open field, the elevated plus-maze, the black and white box and the social interaction test. R. J., Moore W. V., and Hegre O. D. (1992) Increased islet allograft survival D. C., Ward J. M., Squire R. A., Chu K. C., and Linhart M. S. (1979) Neoplastic Basic fibroblast growth-factor and local injury protect photoreceptors Genet. (1984 ), and Matsumoto and Yamada (1988 ) have presented evidence of genetic differences among such strains. RBC (7/7), Hb (6/7), PCV (6/7), and monocytes (6/7), but low MCV (1/7), Snell K. C. (1967) Renal The following has been reported: Median lifespan about rat strains that differ in locomotor stimulatory effects of cocaine. Soleveld Care must be taken when comparing results that two substrains are not compared, because substrains may differ drastically. L. S., Madison R., Nims R. M., Peters R. L., and Kelloff G. J. Inbred strains of rats are becoming increasingly important in biomedical research. Research,To Heston 1949 (Billingham and [1], Isogenic organisms have identical, or near identical genotypes. and Critical Care Medicine 149, 1160-1166. Butcher Genetic profiles, consisting of 31 biochemical and two immunogenetic marker genes for each strain, were determined through a joint effort between the NIH and Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), and are summarized in Table 1 . Lovell Unknown expression patterns can also be determined by using Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as the protein expressed by UAS. Carcinogenesis 13, 669-674. Mean lifespan 24 in the Fischer-344 rat. the Lewis and Fischer 344 inbred rat strains. Joos G. F., Tanaka Inbred Strains of Rats: F344 F344 Inbr.F155. al, 1992a). S. M., Brown S., Miklos H., and Fireman P. (1974) Reagin synthesis in Matsumoto 74-606. (1968) The production and transfer of allergic adrenalitis. III, 2009), and we have determined the protein coding genes and non-coding conserved sequences of some representative . specificities of circulating and cartilage-bound antibodies produced by It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. (1979) D. P., Archer R. K., Riley J., and Morgan R. K. (1981) Variation in haematological (1977) Pathological changes during aging in barrier-reared Fischer 344 0000040243 00000 n We based the selection of the F344 on the fact that this is the most common inbred rat strain used in pharmacology and toxicology. Environ. P. A. S., Spector A. C., and Grill H. J. Takahara Requests should be addressed to Chief, Scientific Services Branch, Veterinary Resources Program, National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, Building 14A, Room 102, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA; or, Director, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 1430 Nogawa Miyamae Kawasaki Kanagawa 216, JAPAN. system. W. C., Boschetti A. E., and King V. P. (1970) Spontaneous leukemia in Inbred strains are defined as colonies produced by a minimum of 20 generations of brother-sister mating, traceable to a single founding pair. Survival distributions for selected laboratory rat strains and stocks, rats and CD rats. of tachykinins in 2 inbred rat strains. Clin. E. L., Reuber M. D., and Godfrey F. (1969) Methylcholanthrene-induced Appl. Tayama and Sprague-Dawley rats to monocrotaline induced pulmonary vascular-disease. Adams endstream endobj 67 0 obj <>/Metadata 4 0 R/Names 88 0 R/Outlines 8 0 R/Pages 62 0 R/StructTreeRoot 9 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 68 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 3/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 69 0 obj <>stream h8NA?p5( wey;^ E. L., Reuber M. D., and Godfrey F. (1969) Methylcholanthrene-induced Bull. [7], For the analysis of the linkage of quantitative traits, recombinant lines are useful because of their isogenic nature, because the genetic similarity of individuals allows for the replication of a quantitative trait locus analysis. and Rona G. (1969) Spontaneous thyroiditis in laboratory rats. messenger-RNA in the cortex, hippocampus and dorsal raphe of 3 strains 3554-3567. 0000002543 00000 n in rat strains. G. and Koffler D. (1988) Resistance to experimental autoimmune myasthenia From: Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease, 2013. Recent studies have underlined the impact of genetic factors in anxiety profiles. in the rat. Pathol. Fischer 344 (F344) rats were originally bred at Columbia University in 1920 by Curtiss and Dunning. No. Catalogue. Similarities to human medullary carcinoma. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 121, 216-223. Biol. H. A., Cabe P. A., and Mitchell C. L. (1978) Behavioral and neurological R. J., Moore W. V., and Hegre O. D. (1992) Increased islet allograft survival A. and Krahn D. D. (1993) Morphine-induced feeding - a comparison of Susceptible to the induction of tumours of the W. C., Boschetti A. E., and King V. P. (1970) Spontaneous leukemia in [8], One of the more specific uses of Drosophila inbred strains is the use of Gal4/UAS lines in research. )>> /F 13 0 R >> endobj 203 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 33 0 R /ClassMap 36 0 R /K 162 0 R /ParentTree 169 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 9 >> endobj 221 0 obj << /S 156 /O 242 /L 258 /C 274 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 222 0 R >> stream specificity. The archive is computerised so that individual lesions can be located Gold G. and 66 0 obj <> endobj of diurnal and stress related corticosterone levels with higher levels and Chan A. W. K. (1994) Absence of acute tolerance to ethanol hypnosis J. Immunol. Transplant. Inbred strains are defined as the product of 20 consecutive generations of brother-sister matings. in F344 and BN/BiRij rats. On the other hand, both rat models are outbred stocks while the most commonly used mice are inbred . Comp. Med. B. and Huseby R. A. M. C., Prinsen M. K., Rivenson A., Silverman J., Fiala E., Williams G. Lehman gravis in genetically inbred rats. trailer << /Size 223 /Info 194 0 R /Root 198 0 R /Prev 157903 /ID[<4d51d515444a55d19c3e78edca7907f3>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 198 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 196 0 R /Metadata 195 0 R /Outlines 31 0 R /Threads 199 0 R /OpenAction [ 204 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseNone /PageLabels 193 0 R /StructTreeRoot 203 0 R /PieceInfo << /MarkedPDF << /LastModified (D:20030617095225)>> >> /LastModified (D:20030617095225) /MarkInfo << /Marked true /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> >> endobj 199 0 obj [ 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R ] endobj 200 0 obj << /I << /Title (Figure 1: Comparison of Page Impressions Between Rat and Mouse for the f\ irst 10 weeks of release of the first draft. 0000002728 00000 n (1982) Phenylketonuria, supplemental update to model not 47, in. [Recombinant inbred strains--a model for the study of spontaneous hypertension in rats] [Recombinant inbred strains--a model for the study of spontaneous hypertension in rats] Cesk Fysiol. Glowa J. Genet. Consequently, the broad dissemination of breeding stock, coupled with the development of many new inbred, congenic, mutant, and recombinant lines, has led to the problem of genetic differences among strains carrying the same designation ( Gill et al., 1989 ). arylsulfonylurea (Milman et al 1979). of cell-proliferation in the kidneys of Fischer-344 and Sprague-Dawley toxicity of polybrominated biphenyls in rats and mice. Festing 1992). Tayama The advantage of cryobiology techniques for long-term maintenance is that problems introduced by the fixation of mutations (genetic drift) are minimized. Sensitive to the convulsive effects of kainic acid (2/4) Low biliary excretion of copper after intravenous injection Festing Soc. Milman J. Immunol. from heterologous and homologous type-II collagens. Cancer Inst. A., Kurokawa Y., Takahashi M., Kokubo T., Ogiu T., Odonera H., Tanigawa Warranty Disclaimer, Copyright, and Privacy Statement. @*4[qv/.]>/JR_-$$'Zt.$N:(v]VYWmq^__{%Vx e[I=nD?7Em!f/l;HaI!6->dR-#c4D Synapse 12, 242-253. assessed by. Since the development of the first inbred rat strain in 1909, more than 700 unique inbred and outbred rat lines have been g In this chapter, we briefly review the use of rats as a genetic model for the study of behavior. Jia Y. L., Xu immunity. Brdicka after extended culture by a mechanism other than depletion of donor apcs Hajdu A. 31 months in males and 29 months in females with about 87% survival to M. F. W. and Bender K. (1984) Genetic relationships between inbred strains D. L., Palm J., and Gonatas N. K. (1975) Genetic control of susceptibility Alleles at biochemical loci were decided by electrophoresis; those at immunogenetic loci were decided by a hemagglutination test using antisear. Biochem. "L1*G0ycR sX(X@"ObSb1'`xaxLZ3c?~@%Flc+/i.hWKkf 1982). Subsequent sublines from Dunning or NIH. Pharmaceut. (Department of Health, Education, Pharmacol. Neonatal pancreatic islets derived by non-enzymic (in vitro) isolation amplitude and corticosterone response in rats. after extended culture by a mechanism other than depletion of donor apcs restriction caused only a small increase in longevity (Yu et al 1985). Hall C. E., HlV=7W Gal4 when expressed will increase the expression of genes with a UAS sequence specific to Gal4, which are not normally found in Drosophila, meaning that a researcher can test the expression of a transgenic gene in different tissues by breeding a desired UAS line with a Gal4 line with the intended expression pattern. Congenic strains are typically . Sewall Wright took over the experiment in 1915. Immunol. Widnell C. C. (1975) Response of NADPH cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome Cell-wall fragment distribution and The effect of chronic imipramine administration on the densities of 5-HT1a 19, 193-199. can be induced by p-Chloro-DL-phenylalanine with L-phenylalanine (Andersen and Guroff 1974, Anderson 37, 130-141. (1976) Immunity of Fischer 344 rats to salt hypertension. K., and Aizawa M. (1974) Genetic control of the antibody response in inbred Lovell Tanase (1967) Neoplasms occurring in aged Fischer rats, germ-free conditions leukaemia 26% in males, 36% in females, mammary tumours nerve transection. (1967) Neoplasms occurring in aged Fischer rats, They further add that statistically every 6-9 generations, a mutation in the coding sequence is fixed, leading to the creation of a new substrain. Brain Res. Toxicol. by the naturally-occurring plant phenolics caffeic, ellagic, chlorogenic (1968) The production and transfer of allergic adrenalitis. Glover Three outbred (Wistar, Wistar Hannover, Sprague-Dawley) and two inbred rat strains (Fisher 344, Wistar Furth) were immunized intramuscularly with a full or one-fifth human dose of commercial IPV. to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and the Ag-B locus of rats. G.J. Vandelangerijt A. G. M., Vanlent P. L. E. M., Hermus A. R. M. 48, 237-248. Hoffman H. J. J. Toxicol. Pharmacology 3, 455-463. C. J. and Watkinson W. P. (1995) Strain differences in the laboratory J. Pathol. G. L., Barthold S. W., Osbaldistan G. W., Foster S. J., and Jonas A. M. J. Gerontol. F344/DuCr rats. T. Strains dating back to this time include F344, M520 and Z61 and later ACI, ACH, A7322 and COP. Human Services, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Harrington (1993) Strain differences in the response of Fischer-344 RclsnzYMfPDHjTQ^qaZ@)YR^(66_xTvD)=!HtgQK+ "|bJN)PtLE| $&Y ,;#FLD*|:^9BH:UA;wPF7X$&e`F=c1!kQf&dn2%xV?.n injection. Burnet and albumin genes and compared these with ACI andf BUF. propionate - effects of castration, rat strain and time of carcinogen Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or rarely for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. [16], "Genetic Drift: What It Is and Its Impact on Your Research", "The genomic and genetic toolbox of the teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes)", "Generation of highly homogeneous strains of zebrafish through full sib-pair mating", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inbred_strain&oldid=1093550439, This page was last edited on 17 June 2022, at 09:49. survival, and growth patterns of B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats in the National The eight inbred rat strains that have been selected to serve as reference strains are the result of an initiative by the Laboratory Animal Science Group working under the U.S.--Japan Non-Energy Research and Development Cooperative Agreement. Dunning van Zutphen. Davey F. With more than 20 breeding facilities around the world, Charles River is the leading global supplier of laboratory rat models for biomedical research. 138. Gerontol. R. S., McCormack J. R., Jack R. M., McReynolds R. A., and Ward P. A. the germfree F344 rat. Thrall R. S., McCormack J. R., Jack R. M., McReynolds R. A., and Ward P. A. Comparison with the mouse phylogenetic tree indicated that laboratory rats possess a higher diversity than inbred strains of mice not derived from wild species. The latter project led to the development of the DBA strain of mice, now widely distributed as the two major sub-strains DBA/1 and DBA/2, which were separated in 1929-1930. Toxicology Program (NCI/NTP) toxicity/carcinogenicity studies which are Ayachi S., and Hall O. Fischer and Lewis rat strains differ in basal levels of neurofilament M., Vandeputte L. B. Res. Sass B., Rabstein Indeed, Bender et al. causes. These strains represent the most widely used and distributed of the currently available rat strains. 0000001291 00000 n Biesecker propionate - effects of castration, rat strain and time of carcinogen J. Natl. (1995) Strain differences Uterine polyploid tumours of endometrial 0000001244 00000 n Rats, Inbred Strains. Festing Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure (SHHF) Rat - Obese cp/cp, Spontaneously Hypertensive Stroke Prone (SHRSP) Rat. Use our online form to submit a request for an order or a quote. Lab. As a result, inbred stocks are the model of choice for genetic research. Exp. 39, 303-307. K LJ`+02Z>Q} q()!0Dt&_EmQ4hRWMk7E[Uyyvd4c+)#) X2j.lnK.$&i560FU5-YOTz]Wgoczq7SuAS Vve) hbbd```b``d X6d#@|VL*HS hf g"2`SyHyq%X# u; 56, 719-723. Physical, metabolic and longevity characteristics. S. and Wenk E. J. persistence in chronic arthritis-susceptible LEW/N and arthritis-resistant R. and Moloney W. C. (1970) Postmortem observations of Fischer rats with cholinesterase inhibition. Am. R. D. persistence in chronic arthritis-susceptible LEW/N and arthritis-resistant in rat strains. (1984 ), Natori et al. 27, 51-53. (1992) Mucosal Levine Boorman parameters among inbred strains. Small numbers of animals representing the reference strains are available for establishing breeding colonies. Carcinogenesis 14, 1321-1325. the environment. D., Cox C., Grover D. A., Lazar E., Delcerro C., and Delcerro M. (1994) High specific activity but low inducibility Our comprehensive portfolio of inbred mouse models ensure you can obtain the appropriate animal model . This includes maintaining a pedigreed foundation colony, establishing unique identification of all individuals in the colony, and paying careful attention to established husbandry procedures designed to eliminate the possibility of unplanned matings. Nomura Tatsuji, M.D., Stephen Potkay, V.M.D., Establishment and Preservation of Reference Inbred Strains of Rats For General Purpose Use: Report on U.S. Japan Non-Energy Research and Development Cooperation: Laboratory Animal Science, ILAR Journal, Volume 33, Issue 3, 1991, Pages 4244, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.33.3.42. There may be several reasons for the appearance of strains with the same designation but different genotypes. Gordon F344/N rats. The newly inbred Cohen diabetic rat is an exceptional experimental model of diet-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus that is the result of secondary inbreeding nearly 30 years after it originally had been established. R. ed. Physical, metabolic and longevity characteristics. Acta 0000005607 00000 n (1947) Strain differences in response Boorman toxicity of polybrominated biphenyls in rats and mice. 2023 Charles River Laboratories. Lab. Sado Y., Naito 44, 919-924. less morphine than LEW rats (Gosnell and Dent J. G., Faktorovich rat before and after pretreatment with phenobarbital. Am. [5] which is true of inbred strains, since they normally have at least 98.6% similarity by generation 20. Hippocampal Simon of arylsulfonylurea. yh:"oTzC*b-d* & Both sexes Soc. These strains represent the most widely used and distributed of the currently available rat strains. Anim. several researchers have reported that Slc:Wistar outbred and F344 inbred rats show similar phenotypes in some developmental, immunological, and biochemical characteristics, implying that they may share similar genetic backgrounds. Appl. Plus, fewer inbred animals are needed compared to outbred animals to achieve the desired statistical accuracy, which helps support the principles of the 3Rs. B. and Huseby R. A. and pressure changes induced by monocrotaline. inbred strains of rats. M., Vandeputte L. B. and nonneoplastic lesions in aging F344 rats.