Last update February 2023 (famous members). Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), the general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy, probably belonged to haplogroup E-V13 based on the Y-DNA results from another Garibaldi from the same province in his ancestral Liguria. [25], Amid the Green Sahara, the mutation for sickle cell originated in the Sahara[26] or in the northwest forest region of western Central Africa (e.g., Cameroon)[26][27] by at least 7,300 years ago,[26][27] though possibly as early as 22,000 years ago. All haplogroups within E1b1a were observed in the Bantu Homeland, West-Central Africa, East Africa and Ghana, whereas haplogroup E1b1a8a1a, although present in the Bantu Homeland and East Africa, was not observed in either Ghana or West-Central Africa. [21], In Granada, a Muslim (Moor) of the Cordoba Caliphate,[22] who was of haplogroups E1b1a1 and H1+16189,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 900 CE and 1000 CE, and a Morisco,[22] who was of haplogroup L2e1,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 1500 CE and 1600 CE, were both found to be of West African (i.e., Gambian) and Iberian descent. E1B1A must be the standard for determining whether or not a male is a descendant of the Biblical Israelites. Mitochondrial, Y-chromosome and autosomal DNA analyses have been carried out in attempts to understand the demographic events that have taken place. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 454465. Due to the scarcity of full genomic sequences available from the Balkans, it is not yet clear when E-V13 expanded in that region. The publication transposes M116.2 with M116.1 in Table 1. The low percentage of E-V13 is coastal Sardinia would be better explained by more recent settlements on the island by the Romans, or even the Goths, who also settled in Sardinia. Berniell-Lee G, Calafell F, Bosch E et al. Under the latter no less than eight subclades have been identified at present: A930, A2227, CTS12227, FGC22844, PF2578, PF6794, MZ99 and Z5009. Hum Genet 2005; 117: 366375. That would mean that the M81 lineage only started to expand in Roman times, and continued to diffuse within all the borders of the Roman Republic/Empire - not just North Africa, but also Iberia, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey and the Levant. to suggest that E-M2 may have originated in East Africa. The Etruscans, who may have come from western Anatolia, could have brought E-M34 to central Italy, which would then have been assimilated by the Romans. PubMed Central Oxford: Elsevier Ltd, 2006, pp 679685. 1926), an English broadcaster and naturalist at the BBC explained in the Tree of Life how the Attenboroughs belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994. Klopfstein S, Currat M, Excoffier L : The fate of mutations surfing on the wave of a range expansion. Despite this level of diversity, however, there is a high level of similarity between groups.20. Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973), the 36th President of the United States, was identified as a member of haplogroup E1b1b1 through the Johnson/Johnston/Johnstone DNA Surname Project. Franz Kafka, a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, who is widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature probably belonged to E-Y161794, a Jewish branch of haplogroup E-M81, based on the Y-DNA test of another Kafka from Czechia at FTDNA. The material culture of the Late Chalcolithic period in the southern Levant (4500-3900/3800 BCE) is qualitatively distinct from previous and subsequent periods. If you are new to genetic genealogy, please check our Introduction to phylogenetics to understand how to read a phylogenetic tree. (2018) tested the ancient DNA from 6th century Italy and Hungary and identified one E-V13 in Collegno (Turin) who was autosomally fully Italian (not a Lombard immigrant like many other samples tested). They would have brought typically Germanic lineages like I1 and R1b-U106, but also the Proto-Slavic R1a-CTS1211, which is now found uniformly in 1 to 2% of the population. E1b1a and E1b1b are PN2 clade lineages. Montano et al. Pakendorf et al7 in a recent review of the contribution made by molecular genetic analysis to the study of EBSP concluded that patrilocality and possibly polygyny may have contributed to NRY, but not mtDNA, association with linguistic affinity. A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as Croatia, Malta, Spain and Portugal.[49][50][51][52]. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. Google Scholar. But that percentage very certainly increased after spending several centuries in Central and Southeast Europe and assimilating Proto-Slavs and Balkanic people before invading Italy. But the history of the region is so complex that there might be many separate branches of E-V13 that each came with a different invasion (e.g. Edmonds CA, Lillie AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL : Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding population. Although it is generally accepted that the EBSP has its origin in the so-called Bantu Homeland situated in the area of the border between Nigeria and the Grassfields of Cameroon, and that it followed both western and eastern routes, much less is known about the number and dates of those expansions, if more than one. The distribution and age of E-V13 clades in central and western Europe are consistent with a dispersal by Hallstatt and La Tne Celts, Italic tribes (including a Roman redistribution) and the later influx of Germanic tribes, particularly the Goths, who may have assimilated additional Proto-Slavic E-V13 lineages in East Germany, Poland and Ukraine before entering the Roman Empire. In . Haplogroup E1b1a7 or E1b1a8* is modal in all groups with the exception of Bankim (Cameroon) and Fante (Ghana). PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e16073. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. E1b1a (M58) Expansion between the Great Lakes & Midwest Africa This page is not available in other languages. Pakendorf B, Bostoen K, de Filippo C : Molecular perspectives on the Bantu expansion: a synthesis. The highest percentage of E-M81 in Europe is found among the Pasiegos (30%, n=101), an isolated community living in the mountains of Cantabria. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. The second would be the ancient Greeks, who heavily colonized southern Italy from the 9th century BCE until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BCE. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. [e], E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. LeBrok. E-V13's presence in this culture would explain why modern Iranians and Kurds possess E-V13, in addition to R1a-Z93 and R1b-Z2103. The most prominent member is probably John C. Calhoun (17821850), who was the seventh Vice President of the United States. The PF6759 subclade seems to have reached Sardinia during the Neolithic period. Steven Pinker is a Canadian experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist, and popular science author. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. Google Scholar. Outside North Africa, M81 is far more frequent in parts of Iberia than anywhere else in Europe or the Near East. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009; 140: 302311. 12-05-14, 06:53 #2. bicicleur. Therefore this lineage could actually have emerged a few centuries earlier, during the Phoenician/Carthaginian period. If E-V13 was found among both groups, it would have needed to be either assimilated in the Pontic Steppe or very near from it (say, in the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, around western Ukraine, Moldova and Romania), or at the junction between the two groups in central Europe (e.g. Lazaridis et al. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. The probability of observing a particular haplotype, if present, in a randomly collected set was assessed by the equation (1q)n=(1P), where P is the probability of observing the haplotype, q is the minimum frequency of the haplotype to be observed and n is the number of chromosomes. The same haplogroups show up in Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan, accompanied by new haplogroups (H2 and T). Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. View Profile View Forum Posts Advisor Join Date 18-11-09 Location . In 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. On the European continent it has the highest concentration in Kosovo (over 45%), Albania and Montenegro (both 27%), Bulgaria (23%), Macedonia and Greece (both 21%), Cyprus (20%), Sicily (20%), South Italy (18.5%), Serbia (18%) and Romania (15%). E1b1a1a1g (YCC E1b1a8) is defined by marker U175. [30] Three South Africans tested positive for this marker. The discovery of two SNPs (V38 and V100) by Trombetta et al. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. They were supposedly descended from John Wright (1488-1551), of Kelvedon Hall, Essex, England, which allowed the Wright Surname DNA Project to isolate their paternal lineage based on the matching haplotypes of over 20 participants descending from that lineage. This branch split from E1b1b during the late glacial period, approximately 14,000 years ago. NAP was supported by NERC-Case PhD studentship. [12], E1b1a1a1d is defined by a private marker M155. Ancient East, West and North Germanics had different Y-DNA lineages, Johnson/Johnston/Johnstone DNA Surname Project, E1b1b (Y-DNA). Lewis MP : Ethnologue: Languages of the World. [25] Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and L3e1e. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13: 867876. Sample sizes are indicated within the pie charts. mtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa. E1b1b used to be E3b, but always is E-M215 or E-M35. Nevertheless, many lineages now found among the Ethiopians and Somalians appear to have come from the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. Diversity (h) of E1b1a was calculated at the five component-haplogroup level ranged from 0.379 to 0.753, excluding the Anuak (h=0). Veeramah et al. However, because each is, in effect, a single linked locus, interpreting observed differences among groups must be undertaken with a high level of caution. remains uncertain. Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites:Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Neparczki et al. Almost immediately afterwards, CTS5856 split into six subclades, then branched off into even more subclades in the space of a few generations. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. Attempts were made to identify genetic relationships among EBSP groups in the context of Africa as a whole10, 11 (also see Supplementary Figure S112). The outer and two inner fragments were amplified in a 10-l reaction volume containing 1l (1ng) of template DNA, 1.6l (50uM) dNTPs, 9.3nM TaqStart monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences Clontech, Oxford, UK), 0.13U of Taq polymerase (HT Biotech, Cambridge, UK) and outer and inner primers (see Supplementary Table S2 for primer details). The haplogroup E1b1a-M2 (and its sub-lineages) is widely spread in Africa and highly prevalent in all Bantu sub-Saharan populations, with frequencies above 80% in most populations 39,40,46,47. E1b1a is also known as E-M2 and E1b1b is also know as E-M215 or as E-M35. If it is assumed that an earlier expansion had already taken place, this would be consistent with a subsequent, rapid expansion from West Africa southwards along both the western and eastern routes. Correspondence to [33] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. [69], The supposed "Bantu haplotype" found in E-U175 carriers is "present at appreciable frequencies in other NigerCongo languages speaking peoples as far west as Guinea-Bissau". Farming, languages, and genes. [c] E-M329 is mostly found in East Africa. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. 2002 ). Distribution of haplogroup E1b1b in Europe, the Near East and North Africa. E-U175 and E-L485) of E1b1a evolved. Thomas MG, Bradman N, Flinn HM : High throughput analysis of 10 microsatellite and 11 diallelic polymorphisms on the human Y-chromosome. One of his patrilineal descendants was identified as a member of haplogroup E-V13 > Z17107. Scozzari et al24 and Underhill et al25 found UEP (M2 and its analogues such as DYS271G) present at high frequencies specifically in sub-Saharan Africa and suggested this marker as a signature of EBSP. The expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP) during the past 3000-5000 years is an event of great importance in the history of humanity. Migrations within the Roman Empire probably played a role, although a minor one, in the redistribution of E1b1b in Europe. Bellwood P : Early agriculturalist population diasporas? Soon afterwards, M34 split into two branches, M84 and Z841, which were probably found in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. From this subclade, all the major subclades (i.e. Cruciani et al. A new method for the evaluation of matches in non-recombining genomes: application to Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes in European males. Recently, Alves et al33 analysing a battery of 14 DIPSTRs (ie, deletion/insertion polymorphisms tightly linked to STRs) in 19 Bantu-speaking groups from Mozambique and Angola concluded that it is becoming increasingly difficult to accept models, suggesting an early split between eastern and western Bantu-speaking populations, whereas Montano et al34 analysing NRY UEPs and STRs in groups from Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and Congo concluded that the evolutionary scenario is more complex than previously thought. Distribution of haplogroup E-V13 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. The merits of this hypothesis is that it would explain why M81 is so much more common in the Maghreb, and particularly in Tunisia, than in Italy today. Tanya M Simms 2011, The Peopling of the Bahamas: A Phylogeographical Haplogroup E1b1a is an ancient brother to E1b1b, but has left a completely different fingerprint on the world today. even though his parent clade is not and brother E-M215 is not. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 439458. Both could have brought different subclades of E-V13, and a founder effect or the phenomenon of elite dominance among the ruling invaders might have caused a fast growth of E-V13 lineage in Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Greece. E1b1a (L86.1) This mutation indicates that the population crossed the A1b1 dominated Grassland into the regions West of the great Lakes. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). (2022) analysed the DNA of the remains of John Corvinus and his son Christopher Corvinus, the two last members of the Hunyadi family. [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. Science 2009; 324: 10351044. Hum Mutat 2005; 26: 520528. E1b1a, on the other hand, is said to have never left Africa but was reported in 6% of Natufian samples. We note that the phenomenon of surfing can explain the absence of an allele in only some groups that are the consequence of range expansion.48, 49 However ,unless the allele (in this case NRY belonging to haplogroup E1b1a8a1a) became extinct early in the western route expansion (which is, in effect, the same as not having been part of that expansion), there is no reason to suppose that extinction of the haplogroup in western route groups (Guthrie classification H, B and C) was more likely than in eastern groups (Guthrie classification N and P). Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. Vansina J : New Linguistic Evidence and 'the Bantu Expansion'. It is interesting to speculate on the possibility that this later expansion was associated with the contemporaneous development of metallurgy. L2 has five main subhaplogroups: L2a, L2b, L2c, L2d and L2e. Evol Bioinform Online 2005; 1: 4750. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Ansari Pour, N., Plaster, C. & Bradman, N. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern expansion of the Bantu-speaking people. Additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b1b which split from E1b1a, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. The Goths settled over all the Italian peninsula. Nowadays E-V13 is the only Mediterranean haplogroup consistently found throughout Europe, even in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Baltic countries, which are conspicuous by the absence of other Neolithic haplogroups like G2a (bar the Indo-European G2a-Z1815), J1 and T (except in Estonia). CAS [28][27] The ancestral sickle cell haplotype to modern haplotypes (e.g., Cameroon/Central African Republic and Benin/Senegal haplotypes) may have first arose in the ancestors of modern West Africans, bearing haplogroups E1b1a1-L485 and E1b1a1-U175 or their ancestral haplogroup E1b1a1-M4732. If that is the case, E-M78 or E-M123 could have come to southern Europe through North African cattle herders during the Neolithic, although this hypothesis remains purely conjectural. Castri L, Tofanelli S, Garagnani P et al. [13][14], At Xaro, in Botswana, there were two individuals, dated to the Early Iron Age (1400 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a and L3e1a2, and another carried haplogroups E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880) and L0k1a2. Pereira L, Gusmao L, Alves C et al. E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. It might be linked to the expansion of the Kura-Araxes culture from the southern Caucasus to Anatolia and Iran. E-M34 lineages experienced a much more dramatic expansion during the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) period. CTS1096 split into three subclades around 7,500 to 7,000 years ago, a period that corresponds to the advent of the Copper Age around modern Kurdistan. 2018). Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. Gusmao L, Sanchez-Diz P, Calafell F et al. Samples in the Congolese data set have been divided into three pie charts representing Bantu H, B and C speakers. Its main subclade E-M34 most probably emerged in the Levant about 15,000 years ago. According to the equation, the minimum frequency at which a haplotype is present for it to have a 95% probability of being observed, given that n chromosomes are typed, is q=110(log(0.05)/n). Therefore both hypotheses are plausible. The French footballer of Algerian origin Zinedine Zidane (born 1972), is a member of haplogroup E1b1b (M81) according to his brother's DNA test. Note the resemblance between the distribution of E-M81 and the African admixture from the Dodecad project. [33] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. e1b1a is Bantu? The distribution of haplogroup E1b1a8a1a (defined by U181) with a very recent TMRCA of only 11001638 YBP is very different, however, being restricted to Nigeria and the east side of sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 2). Table 1 reports the frequencies of all observed haplogroups, including the component haplogroups of E1b1a. Traces of earlier inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups A1a, A1b, A2, A3, and B-M60 that are common in certain populations, such as the Mbuti and Khoisan. Also in favor of E1b1b-V22 is the fact that E1b1a occurs in 2% of Egyptians, while E1b1b-V22 occurs in 15% of north Egyptians, 5% in Egyptians from several oasis to the west of the Nile, and 4% in south Egyptians. Diamond J, Bellwood P : Farmers and their languages: the first expansions. Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C et al. E-M2 is approximately 7.77.9% of total US male population. [5] In Eritrea and most of Ethiopia (excluding the Anuak), E-V38 is usually found in the form of E-M329, which is autochthonous, while E-M2 generally indicates Bantu migratory origins. E1b1a2 E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 125129. L576 gave rise to a deeper subclade of M180/P88, P182, L88.3, L86, and PAGES0006. . [9] Brucato et al. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. For other uses, see. ISSN 1018-4813 (print), Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern expansion of the Bantu-speaking people, Subdividing Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 reveals Norse Viking dispersal lineages in Britain, The role of matrilineality in shaping patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA sequence variation in southwestern Angola, Autosomal genetics and Y-chromosome haplogroup L1b-M317 reveal Mount Lebanon Maronites as a persistently non-emigrating population, Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia, A comprehensive portrait of Y-STR diversity of Indian populations and comparison with 129 worldwide populations, Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267, The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations, North Asian population relationships in a global context, Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians, Supplementary Tables S1-S2-S4 (DOC 141 kb), Distribution of paternal lineages in Mestizo populations throughout Mexico: an in silico study based on Y-STR haplotypes. By the definition of haplogroup A as "non-BT", it is almost completely restricted to Africa, though a very small handful of bearers have been reported in Europe and Western Asia. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. However, Razib Khan in this podcast says that E1b1a was pretty common among ancient Levantines. E-V13 has been found as far away as central Siberia, near the Altai, a region also known to have been settled by Bronze Age Indo-Europeans. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73: 768779. The biggest genetic impact of the Romans/Italians outside of Italy appears to have been in Gaul (modern France, Belgium, southern Germany and Switzerland), probably because this was the closest region to Italy using the well-developed Roman road network (actually inherited from the Gauls themselves). Haplogroup E1b1a7 (defined by M191) is modal in most groups in countries from Ghana to Mozambique and only at slightly lower frequency in South African Bantu speakers (33.8% compared with E1b1a8* at 37.8%). A good example is represented by some lineages internal to the E1b1a-M2 haplogroup, such as E1b1a-M10 and E1b1a-V5280, which are observed mainly in the Sahelian groups (D'Atanasio et al. We analyse frequencies of halpogroups and estimates of TMRCA to answer two questions: (a) Is there evidence of more than one expansion of paternal line ancestors of Bantu-speaking people living in present day sub-Saharan Africa? and (b) If so, did those expansions take different routes? Of course, the TMRCA is only an estimate and could vary by a few centuries. Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA et al. . DYS271/M2/SY81, P1/PN1, P189, P293, and M291 appear to form E1b1a1*. The first colonists were Phoenicians, who came from present-day Lebanon and the Tartus province of Syria. As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers. [69] This is the modal haplotype of STR markers that is common in carriers of E-U175. [6][7][8][9] According to Wood et al. E1b1a (also known as E-M2) forms part of the E-V38 haplogroup found on the human Y chromosome - making it a paternally inherited clade. 438=10 is a normal value. Slider with three articles shown per slide. [10][11][12], At Taukome, in Botswana, an individual, dated to the Early Iron Age (1100 BP), carried haplogroups E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123) and L0d3b1. Dallas: SIL International, 2009. Visual representation of the distribution of E1b1a component haplogroups in sub-Saharan African groups with sample totals. Variation of female and male lineages in sub-Saharan populations: the importance of sociocultural factors. Where collections from a particular group were made in more than one location, locations are represented by averages of geographic coordinates. Of the possible 17 haplogroups, 12 were observed in the complete data set with haplogroup E1b1a modal (0.847, range in population groups 0.3890.957), both overall and in every sub-Saharan African group. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. The ancient Greeks contributed to the rediffusion of more E-M34 (and E-V13) around places such as Cyprus, Sicily, southern Italy, Liguria, Provence, eastern Spain, and basically all part of the Classical ancient Greek world. His real name is Nicolas Kim Coppola, and his paternal great-grand-father emigrated to the U.S. from the South Italian town of Bernalda in Basilicata. Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Ben Ami H, Parfitt T, Bradman N, Goldstein DB : Origins of old testament priests. Peaks among the Saho Saho . Nature 1998; 394: 138140. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S : Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. The weak point of this hypothesis is that it doesn't explain how M81 reached places like France, Britain, Greece or Turkey, nor even northern Spain. This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree,[76] the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree,[7] and subsequent published research. One of them was E-M34 (notably Levantine clades like Y15558 and Z21421), which makes up about 15% of modern Lebanese Y-DNA, but was probably higher before the Greek, Roman, Arabic, Byzantine, medieval crusader and Ottoman occupations altered the local gene pool. Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b) represents the last major direct migration from Africa into Europe. Ye S, Dhillon S, Ke X, Collins AR, Day IN : An efficient procedure for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms. The early development of agriculture triggered significant population growth, resulting in the expansion of early farming populations, along with the spread of language families in many parts of the world, including Africa.1 The many advantages of agricultural subsistence over foraging is a likely contributing factor to the rapid expansion of agriculturists and their languages during the holocene.2 A well-known example of this phenomenon in Africa is the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP), which is thought, on the basis of linguistic evidence, to have started around 5000 years ago3 in the region on the border between modern day eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.4 It is widely accepted that there was an early split into eastern and western routes in which farmers first expanded east and also, within 1500 years, reached West-Central Africa. The advantage of this hypothesis is that M81 is indeed found exclusively within the borders of the Roman Empire, and in a big part of the empire. The polymorphic markers are six STRs (DYS19, DYS388, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392 and DYS393) and four UEPs (M191, U175, U290 and U181) characterising the E1b1a haplogroup, which is modal in most population groups within the area of the EBSP.25 The four UEPs were typed using a tetra primer ARMS PCR method37 with minor modifications. Iranic tribes, La Tne Celts, Romans, Goths, Slavs). (=> see also the discussions Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? All samples (96-well plates) were then placed on a thermocycler under the following conditions: denaturation at 95C for 5min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (95C) for 45s, annealing (see Supplementary Table S2 for annealing temperatures) for 45s and elongation (72C) for 45s. The final step of the PCR programme was a 7-min extension at 72C before a 30min hold at 4C. Google Scholar. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._________SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/groups/israelitejews/permalink/724232359236083/[1:04] Past threads in which this was discussed:- https://www.facebook.com/groups/g49resource/posts/5410422012382894/- https://www.facebook.com/groups/thebiblicalrumbleroom/posts/1308376896600227[1:10] Scaled Innovations SNP tracker:http://scaledinnovation.com/gg/snpTracker.html[3:46] https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/slideshow_samples.php?searchcolumn=Country\u0026searchfor=Israel\u0026ybp=500000,0\u0026orderby=Y_Haplotree_Variant\u0026ascdesc=ASC[3:52] https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/slideshow_samples.php?searchcolumn=Country\u0026searchfor=Lebanon\u0026ybp=500000,0\u0026orderby=Y_Haplotree_Variant\u0026ascdesc=ASC [25] Anika was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS6126 and L2b1. After that the expansion is thought to have taken two directions with one wave moving along the south-western coast (West-Bantu route) and the other moving further east, forming the eastern Bantu core by 3000 years before present (YBP).
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