motivations which lead to this savage action. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a wave of mob violence directed against the French Protestant (Huguenot) minority by the Catholic majority. [34] In some cities the massacres were led by the mob, while the city authorities tried to suppress them, and in others small groups of soldiers and officials began rounding up Protestants with little mob involvement. Read and study old-school with our bound texts. In the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, on Sunday, 24, at noon, a hawthorn bush, that had withered for months, began to green again near an image of the Virgin. [82][pageneeded]. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army camped just outside Paris[15] and, although there is no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics in the city feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the city populace itself. 1. The murder of thous We are processing your request. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX,[2] the massacre started a few days after the marriage on 18 August of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant King Henry III of Navarre. 1. That novel has been translated into English and was made first into a commercially successful French film in 1954, La reine Margot (US title "A Woman of Evil"), starring Jeanne Moreau. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the, beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Huguenots - New Advent Following the failed assassination attack against the Admiral de Coligny (which Wanegffelen attributes to the Guise family and Spain), the Italian advisers of Catherine de' Medici undoubtedly recommended in the royal council the execution of about fifty Protestant leaders. With these words, the most popular preacher in Paris legitimised in advance the events of St. Bartholomew's Day". He was shot from an upstairs window, and seriously wounded. Leonard Sachs appeared as Admiral Coligny and Joan Young played Catherine de' Medici. 2023 OCLC Domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of OCLC, Inc. and its affiliates. Another historian Mack P. Holt, Professor at George Mason University, agrees that Vigor, "the best known preacher in Paris", preached sermons that were full of references to the evils that would befall the capital should the Protestants seize control. The assortment of material allows you to . Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Prior to certifying the Managing Accounting Billing Statement for contract payments by Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card, the Approving/ Billing Official must do what two things? Copyright 2001-2023 OCLC. 5, From Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Urim 6, Letters of Royal Women of the Old Babylonian Period 27, Chapter 2 Peoples, Cods, and Empires, 1700-500 B.C.E. The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States. He contacted the Parisian authorities and another ambitious young man, running out of authority and power, Duke Henri de Guise (whose uncle, the clear-sighted Charles, cardinal of Lorraine, was then detained in Rome). Updates? He received his B.A. The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. ), p. 95, citing Benedict (2004), pp. 9395 for a different emphasis. Jarnac; La Roche-l'Abeille; Poitiers; Orthez; Moncontour; Saint-Jean d'Angly; Arney-le-Duc, Fourth; 157273 The journal begins with, Colignys saying that became the chief reason why Queen Mother Catherine de Medici, rushed to prepare a massacre plan for him and thousands of other French Protestants. History 104 / January 16, 2013 On the contrary, our common love for Christ impels us to seek tirelessly the path of full unity."[98]. The Pre-Raphaelite painter John Everett Millais managed to create a sentimental moment in the massacre in his painting A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day (1852), which depicts a Catholic woman attempting to convince her Huguenot lover to wear the white scarf badge of the Catholics and protect himself. [5] The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [93] At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers. [54] In Paris, the poet Jean-Antoine de Baf, founder of the Academie de Musique et de Posie, wrote a sonnet extravagantly praising the killings. The Edict of Boulogne (25 June, 1573) put an end to it, granting to all Huguenots amnesty for the past and liberty to worship in those three towns. Recovery of cost from Governmentwide Commercial, "in step 12 of the governmentwide commercial purchase card program process, what are three situations in which the acceptor must ensure written independent receipt and acceptance?" But kill them all! Chains were used to block streets so that Protestants could not escape from their houses. Political Responses . [citation needed] Elizabeth I of England's ambassador to France at that time, Sir Francis Walsingham, barely escaped with his life. [citation needed] 5 In 1546 the Venetian ambassador, Mariano Cavalli, estimated the . In Rouen, where some hundreds were killed, the Huguenot community shrank from 16,500 to fewer than 3,000 mainly as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities or countries. The common people began to hunt Protestants throughout the city, including women and children. [37] It has been claimed that the Huguenot community represented as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 78% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again during the reign of Louis XIV, culminating with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.[38]. File:Giorgio Vasari San Bartolomeo.jpg - Wikimedia Commons The massacre in Paris lasted three days despite the king's attempts to stop it. Venetian Report On The ST Barts Massacre | PDF - Scribd Madame, the king refuses to involve himself in one war. Thenceforth the Huguenots abandoned John Calvins principle of obedience to the civil magistratethat is, to the royal authorityand adopted the view that rebellion and tyrannicide were justifiable under certain circumstances. [39] Accurate figures for casualties have never been compiled,[40] and even in writings by modern historians there is a considerable range, though the more specialised the historian, the lower they tend to be. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Protestant nations were horrified. It is difficult today to determine the exact chronology of events, or to know the precise moment the killing began. 1) Funds must be available to cover the check value and the bank's processing fee 2) The Cardholder can dispute a. 33. To cement the peace between the two religious parties, Catherine planned to marry her daughter Margaret to the Protestant Henry of Navarre (the future King Henry IV), son of the Huguenot leader Queen Jeanne d'Albret. To explain the massacre, Charles, assuming responsibility for it, claimed that there had been a Huguenot plot against the crown. The Swiss mercenaries expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle and then slaughtered them in the streets. Estimates of the number that perished in the massacres have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot Maximilien de Bthune, who himself barely escaped death. Sample this version now as opposed to waiting for the physical edition. This day led to the three Henry's war. Anjou's supposed account was the source of the quotation attributed to Charles IX: "Well then, so be it! The rituals around the royal marriage had only intensified this cleavage, contrary to its intentions, and the "sentiments of estrangement radical otherness [had come] to prevail over sentiments of affinity between Catholics and Protestants". Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de' Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. Roberts, Yvonne. King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. He stresses that the city was on the verge of revolt. 32. The execution decision was therefore his own, and not Catherine de' Medici's. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. 136, Alexander the Great and the Limits of Conquest 150, Hellenistic Architecture in the Near East (c. 175 C.E.) The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. The massacre caused a "major international crisis". Review and, 1.Which printmaking process is the most direct for translating the gestures of the hand? Fearing discovery of her complicity, Catherine met secretly with a group of nobles at the Tuileries Palace to plot the complete extermination of the Huguenot leaders, who were still in Paris for the wedding festivities. It was not accepted by traditionalist Catholics or by the Pope. 2. Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. 8283, and Lincoln, p. 96, and Knecht (2001), p. 361, Knecht (2001), p. 364. Catherine de Medici, the mother of Charles, feared Admiral Colignys growing influence over her son. 1. Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History - Fordham University [20] Fears of Huguenot reprisals grew. Were sorry, but WorldCat does not work without JavaScript enabled. "[28] A jubilee celebration, including a procession, was then held, while the killings continued in parts of the city. [85] Diefendorf says that when the head of the murdered Coligny was shown to the Paris mob by a member of the nobility, with the claim that it was the King's will, the die was cast. Henry VIII and the Act of Supremacy (1529-34) Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. ("Emond" or "Edmond"). 2nd Luxemburg; Fontaine-Franaise; Ham; Le Catelet; Doullens; Cambrai; Calais; La Fre; Ardres; Amiens. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day . Follett completely clears King Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail. Huguenots in Rouen, Lyon, Bourges, Orlans, and Bordeaux were among the victims. The second round, England : Anglicans vs. Catholics Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. [96], One historian puts forward an analysis of the massacre in terms of social anthropology the religious historian Bruce Lincoln. It was in this context that the massacre came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his Discours contre Machievel in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre ( French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. 30. [11], In the years preceding the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against not just the policies of a particular monarch of France, but monarchy in general. Henry of Guise then planned an attack on all protestants. The Catholic response to a Huguenot plot / Claude Haton (1572) -- 18. Modern writers put the number at 3,000 in Paris alone. [89] Some blame the complete esteem with which the sovereign's office was held, justified by prominent French Roman Catholic theologians, and that the special powers of French Kings "were accompanied by explicit responsibilities, the foremost of which was combating heresy". The terrified Huguenot nobles in the building initially put up a fight, hoping to save the life of their leader,[23] but Coligny himself seemed unperturbed. 34. Elizabeth restores the Church of England (1558- ) Henry VIII (king of England, 1509-1547) [48], Among the slain were the philosopher Petrus Ramus, and in Lyon the composer Claude Goudimel. One can also understand why, the day after the start of the massacre, Catherine de' Medici, through royal declaration of Charles IX, condemned the crimes, and threatened the Guise family with royal justice. For the, Attempted assassination of Admiral de Coligny, Holt (2005), pp. [6] The Parlement's opposition and the court's absence from the wedding led to increased political tension. Belonging to different religious traditions must not constitute today a source of opposition and tension. According to the contemporary French historian Jacques Auguste de Thou, one of Coligny's murderers was struck by how calmly he accepted his fate, and remarked that "he never saw anyone less afraid in so great a peril, nor die more steadfastly". 2. Initially the coup d'tat of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de' Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. [55] On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". [28], Although Charles had dispatched orders to his provincial governors on August 24 to prevent violence and maintain the terms of the 1570 edict,[29] from August to October, similar massacres of Huguenots took place in a total of twelve other cities: Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lyon, Bourges, Rouen,[30] The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Macmillan Learning Some cities unaffected by the violence nevertheless witnessed a sharp decline in their Huguenot population. August 24 - Saint Bartholomew's Day: the real story Koenigsberger (who until his retirement in 1984 was Professor of History at King's College, University of London) wrote that the Massacre was deeply disturbing because "it was Christians massacring other Christians who were not foreign enemies but their neighbours with which they and their forebears had lived in a Christian community, and under the same ruler, for a thousand years". "Jean-Antoine de Baf and the Saint-Barthlemy", Anglo, 229; See also: Butterfield, H. "Acton and the Massacre of St Bartholomew,", The first occurrence of the royal injunction is found late in, Anglo, p. 283, see also the whole chapter. ), p. 91. All the best people took a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."[102]. A 1440 tax survey of aliens indicates they made up 2%. western civ 14&15.docx - Brad Pennington Western Civ Despite the firm opposition of the Queen Mother and the King, Anjou, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, present at this meeting of the council, could see a good occasion to make a name for himself with the government. Turning to the queen, Admiral de Coligny said, "Madame, the king refuses to involve himself [13] Thus, the massacre "marked the beginning of a new form of French Protestantism: one that was openly at war with the crown. Ordinary lay Catholics were involved in the mass killings; they believed they were executing the wishes of the king and of God. The man, true to his beliefs, gently refuses her. List of ambassadors of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to the United The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) Lasting several weeks in all, the massacre expanded outward to the countryside and other urban centres. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day, Christianity Today - The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, World History Encyclopedia - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Institute for Advanced Study - The massacre of St. Bartholomews Day was an affair between neighbors. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Christopher Marlowe was one of many Elizabethan writers who were enthusiastic proponents of these ideas. 31. [83][pageneeded], Traditional histories have tended to focus more on the roles of the political notables whose machinations began the massacre than the mindset of those who actually did the killing. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The Elizabethan dramatist Christopher Marlowe knew the story well from the Huguenot literature translated into English, and probably from French refugees who had sought refuge in his native Canterbury. Thus, some modern historians have stressed the critical and incendiary role that militant preachers played in shaping ordinary lay beliefs, both Catholic and Protestant. [8] The rise in food prices and the luxury displayed on the occasion of the royal wedding increased tensions among the common people. from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. [94], The historian H.G. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's, harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political. The corpses floating down the Rhne from Lyon are said to have put the people of Arles off drinking the water for three months. While the Queen Mother was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some talking in menacing terms. I. Please enable JavaScript on your browser. 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598). [61] Huguenot works understandably dwelt on the harrowing details of violence, expounded various conspiracy theories that the royal court had long planned the massacres, and often showed extravagant anti-Italian feelings directed at Catherine, Gondi, and other Italians at court. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into D.W. Griffith's film Intolerance (1916). She accordingly gave her approval to a plot that the Roman Catholic house of Guise had been hatching to assassinate Coligny, whom it held responsible for the murder of Franois de Guise in 1563. Essay Question, Category A Giovanni Michiel, "A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre," Perspectives From the Past, pp 484-486.1) After reading Michiel's account, who do you think who is responsible for the St. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . From The Religious Peace of Augsburg, Reform in the Catholic World The Venetian government refused to allow the work to be printed there, and it was eventually published in Rome in 1574, and in the same year quickly reprinted in Geneva in the original Italian and a French translation.[70]. Kill them! Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. How Did the Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day Start? In part this was led by an apparent change in stance by John Calvin in his Readings on the Prophet Daniel, a book of 1561, in which he had argued that when kings disobey God, they "automatically abdicate their worldly power" a change from his views in earlier works that even ungodly kings should be obeyed. 54, Herodotus From The Histories: Manners and Customs of the Scythians 55, From The Babylonian Account of the Great Flood 58, Chapter 3 The Civilization of Greece, 1000-400 B.C.E. A particular point of tension was an open-air cross erected on the site of the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot who had been executed in 1569. He describes how the religious divide, which gave the Huguenots different patterns of dress, eating and pastimes, as well as the obvious differences of religion and (very often) class, had become a social schism or cleavage. People 41, Treaty between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III of Hatti 47, The Victory Stele of Merneptah (c. 1210 B.C.E.) Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . 3. However, in a more recent work than his history of the period, Holt concludes: "The ringleaders of the conspiracy appear to have been a group of four men: Henry, duke of Anjou; Chancellor Birague; the duke of Nevers, and the comte de Retz" (Gondi).
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