Remind students that the writer of the speech is sometimes not the person who delivered the speech, for example, and this will surprise some students. How might worldwide demand for gasoline affect the economy of the Gulf coastal plain? What is the occasion for the speech? Moreover, Trump is using pronouns lessexcept Ithan the others. Grounded on this measure, one can compute the intertextual distance between all nine candidates. Presidential Studies Quarterly (PSQ) is the only scholarly journal that focuses on the most powerful political figure in the world the president of the United States. La campagne prsidentielle de 2012. Oftentimes, students assume the speaker is the author, and thats sometimes not the case. To conclude briefly, previous studies have mainly analyzed governmental speeches, and less frequently the electoral speeches (Boller, 2004) or related messages (e.g. For the Democrats (Hillary Clinton, Martin OMalley, and Bernie Sanders), one can count nine TV debates held from 13 October 2015 (with five candidates) to 9 March 2016 (with two candidates). Better performance levels can be achieved when the training examples are extracted from the same time period as the test set. Discuss the audience and the authors manipulation of the audience. To analyze the rhetoric and style of presidential writings, the first quantitative linguistics studies focused on the word usages and their frequencies. Currently, the preference goes to a shorter formulation, simpler to understand for the audience. . Explain. Both are preferring to repeat their arguments instead of introducing other subjects. Teachers can choose to have students focus on one or more historical inaugurations and analyze the speeches by looking at the historical challenges facing the nation, topics discussed in the. In this table, the maximum value per grammatical category is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. On the other hand, OMalley shows the smallest Q-index value indicating more a text oriented toward description. . Trumps topics are relatively similar to those presented by Kasich and, with some distance, with those exposed by Paul. As another frequently used word, one can see say (five candidates), country, know, go (four candidates), and president, think for three candidates. and appeals before you start. Speeches are special kinds of arguments and should be analyzed as such. From the set of the ten most over-used terms corresponding to H. Clinton depicted in Table 6, the first following sentence contains four (Senator, Sanders, to, I). family, man, person, etc.). And he lets them know that they shouldn't trust anyone but him. Applying this procedure, the term specificity can be computed according to the text P0. None of the other Democrat candidates shows a clear intensive use of this pronoun. The last row of Table 4 reports the values of this Q-index for all candidates. W 2K Words to Know Fill in this table as you work through the lesson. This computation technique has been adopted. I, me). Page ! Ask students to share their outlines and thesis statements. A) A limited number of options are presented. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of EADH. This analysis is based on the thematic concentration of a text, providing a first overview at the recurrent topical terms used by each candidate. In this table, one can see another interesting fact related to the frequencies of the pronouns we and I. Focusing on the USA, recent studies confirm these findings as, for example, using the State of the Union (Savoy, 2015a) or inaugural addresses (Kubt and Cech, 2016). feminine, emotion, leadership), as well as her/his style (e.g. Trump will also employ a rhetorical technique called paralipsis to make claims that he can't be. With this information one can derive the lemma by removing the plural form of nouns (e.g. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. Recently, Popescu (2009) and Cech et al. Usually, a longer sentence is more complex to understand, especially in the oral communication form. The results indicated the prominent role of logos in presidential speeches as the most frequent strategy. The last example illustrates how Trump can push away his opponents to place himself in the center of the debate. analyze a speech for rhetorical devices and their purpose. "Since rhetoric is the art of effective communication, its principles can be applied to many facets of everyday life" (Lamb 109). Based on US presidential speeches, that study presents the rhetorical and stylistic differences between the US presidents from Truman to Reagan, while a more recent book (Hart et al., 2013) exposes the stylistic variations from G. W. Bush to Obama. What was the speaker up against? 1 0 obj Presidential Studies Quarterly The specific sentences extracted from Sanders answers explain clearly his positions with respect to Wall Street, some of the large companies, or on education. Select two options. In this speech Patrick Henry (1736-1799) uses powerful rhetoric to convince influential, affluent, landed men of Virginia with much to lose to move past their current . By working with primary sources from the online collections of the Library of Congress, students can explore the people and events that shaped these speeches. You may wish to share information from the ReadWriteThink.org lesson. One possible approach is to extract a reduced set of specific sentences from each candidate. The analysis of the style can be grounded on the relative frequencies of the different POS or grammatical categories. Looking at her most specific sentences, Clinton tends to produce rather long sentences reflecting a more complex reasoning. When looking more at the content of their utterances, one can also observe differences between the candidates. (2003) was first applied. Included on this site is audio of famous speeches of the 20th century, as well as information about the speeches and background information on the writers. The difference between these two candidates is characteristic, with OMalley more oriented toward an explanation requiring usually more nouns while Trump turns toward the action and its high usage of verbs. Presidential Speeches Rhetorical Analysis Bundle. Allow students to select a speech from the. However, the binomial formulation is easier to use and gives a good approximation. is always the writer, and thats not always the case, so ask your students to check to see who wrote the speech. Looking back to Table 6, one can see that the terms Ohio, balanced, budget, and we and the first four most specific words describing Kasichs utterances. This investigation results in the presence of three distinct groups of candidates, the first one with the Democrats (Clinton, OMalley, and Sanders), the second with three Republicans (Bush, Cruz, Rubio), and the last with the duo Trump and Kasich, with, at a small distance, Paul. Le discours des premiers ministres qubcois: 1960-2005. Read Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. The total number of lemmas in part P0 (or its length) is denoted n0, similarly with P1 and n1, and the length of the entire corpus is defined by n = n0 + n1. The author wants to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and remarks. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Discuss a particular rhetorical device that the President used and the purpose it served. As the English language has a relatively simple morphology, working on inflected forms (e.g. the relative frequency of different pronouns, positive emotions) and using a set of composite indices reflecting the cognitive complexity, presidentially, or honesty of each candidate. This assignment is a quick way to review thesis writing and give students repetitive practice and quickly analyzing nonfiction writing. These results present also the stylistic evolution over more than two centuries and can be compared to those achieved using traditional methods as, for example, by Lim (2002). Note. Similar themes appear under several candidates with different terminology such as caliphate (Bush), Islamic (Cruz), ISIL (OMalley). Two speeches during the American presidential campaign of 2008 are analyzed: one speech . Other intertextual measures have been chosen as, for example, the chi-square (Grieve, 2007), the Delta (Burrows, 2002), or using the Kullback-Leibler divergence (Zhao and Zobel, 2007). The beginning finished goods inventory was 25,000 units at$310,000. The third longest distance (0.180) can be found between Trump and Cruz. More often however, such displays correspond to scatterplots, principal component analysis views, or correspondence analysis figures (Lebart et al., 1998; Greenacre, 2017). He supports his claim by using massive amounts of parallel structure and strong word choice. The 2016 US presidential election was characterized by two figures, both unloved by the majority of Americans (Yourish, 2016). We are in the final hours of Donald Trump's presidency. grounded on personal pronouns (Pennebaker, 2011)). The maximum value is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. They might not answer them, you know, as honestly as they could, but, you know, generally they would answer - give some kind of answer. On this icy day in Washington D. C, Barack Obama gave his inaugural speech after taking the oath of office. Focusing on governmental speeches written in French, Labb and Monire (2003; 2008a) have created a set of governmental corpora such as the Speeches from the Throne (Canada and Quebec), a corpus of the general policy statements of French governments (Labb and Monire, 2003; 2008a) as well as a collection of press releases covering the French presidential campaign of 2012 (Labb and Monire, 2013; Arnold and Labb, 2015). (2015) have proposed an h-point to measure the thematic concentration of a text. This is indicated when Trump scrutinizes Obama as a leader by . Set up students inheterogeneousgroups of four. "Rhetorical force is achieved by the strategy of combining reiteration with contrast . As the English language has a relatively simple morphology, working on inflected forms (e.g. B) A person is attacked rather than an argument. xZs8b5I&3;{p3_-Gv655-?-)_n g,~ "F+ ~|z-}swG\TssT^X^_,o,b/-_,k]$^Rd nW.rx To compute this value, the word types are ranked according to their absolute frequency, from the most frequent to the least frequent one. He believed that the repetition of a simple message, even if false (Millbank, 2016), is enough to persuade the citizens that it is true. When considering overall stylistic indicators (see Table 3), Clinton, OMalley, and Sanders present a high LD value as well as a higher number of BW and TTR ratio than the mean. Some of the terms depicted in Table 6 give some indications about this aspect as, for example, IRS, tax, amnesty with Cruz, fossil, fuel, Wall, Street with Sanders. Nearly everything we read and hear is an argument. Hutchinson's rhetoric was powerful, persuasive, and often controversial. Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address Rhetorical Analysis. Check the links to the online resources (in Websites section) make sure that they are still working prior to giving out this assignment. They then analyze the suggestions made by Galbraith and Stevenson and compare them to the delivered version of the speech. . Just after the announcement of his candidacy for President (16 June 2015), his candidacy was mainly viewed as marginal, without pertinent interest, and without a real future. With a positive Z score larger than a fixed threshold (e.g. This value indicates that Trump prefers to reuse the same words and expressions, repeating his main ideas and convictions. Subjects: . What is the main reason a speaker might use exclusive language? They don't like seeing bad trade deals, they don't like seeing higher taxes, they don't like seeing a loss of their jobs where our jobs have just been devastated. (D. Trump, 10 March 2016), Im spending all of my money, Im not spending, I'm not getting any, I turned down, I turn down so much, I could have right now from special interests and donors, I could have double and triple what he's got. (D. Trump, 16 September 2015), Just excuse me, one second, Rand, if you don't mind, Rand, you know, you are on last, you do have your 1 percent. (D. Trump, 16 September 2015). Which best describes the type of appeal used in this part of the speech? 7. President Lincoln was a skilled statesman, orator, and . In addition, Table 4 reports the percentage of pronouns, names, conjunctions, and others forms (e.g. analyze the effects of the rhetorical devices on the delivered speech. This new representation has been chosen, and the result is displayed in Fig. Some persons never appear in a TV debate (e.g. The full speech only took President Lincoln 6-7 minutes to read in its entirety. MERCIECA: Absolutely. Using the LIWC system, Slatcher et al. 5. State the type of speech being analyzed and where it took place. To help your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer and guides: Analysis Tool and Guides Each presidential speech is unique. The two closest candidates are Bush and Rubio (0.104), while the second shortest distance (0.114) joins Clinton with Sanders. As each candidate is represented by her/his remarks in the TV debates, one can compute a distance reflecting their similarities (Labb and Labb, 2006). To avoid this problem, a better computation is provided in (Covington and McFall, 2010) or (Popescu, 2009), suggesting taking the moving average of TTR. <> President Abraham Lincoln, in his inaugural address, addresses the topic of the civil war and its effects on the nation and argues that America could be unified once more. . He's also changed the way political leaders talk. A presidential electoral process can be positioned around one person or around a few issues (or programs). MERCIECA: Yeah, so one of Trump's rhetorical strategies has been to use ad baculum, which is Latin and means threats of force or intimidation. Abstract: This paper analyzes President Obama's rhetoric in his two inaugural addresses in order to determine how his presidential rhetoric conforms and violates current rhetorical traditions in inaugural addresses. It's important that we keep showing our students how powerful language can be when it's carefully crafted and arranged. To measure the specificity attached to a term (Lafon, 1980; Muller, 1992), the corpus is split into two disjoint parts denoted P0 and P1. Former President Bushs Defends War in Iraq Speech. To compute this value, one can divide the vocabulary size (number of types) by the text length (number of tokens). These are effective because it brings almost a third dimension to his speech. A large negative Z score (less than -) indicates than the corresponding term is significantly under-used in P0. Given a sentence as input, this system is able to add the corresponding POS tag to each token. . The third longest distance (0.467) can be found between Cruz and OMalley. Ready to begin? During an electoral campaign, the word tax is clearly more recurrent than budget to discuss financial issue, in part because the term tax is closer to citizens perception than the budget is. The next section presents some related research in computer-based analysis of political speeches. Listeners should keep in mind the context of the situation involving the delivery and the audience-but a keen observer should also pay close attention to the elements of argument within the text. For example, "each one of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda . For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. An antanagoge uses a negative and positive statement in one. They need to understand the climate, but they do not need to be complete experts on the historical details in order to understand the elements of the speech. <>/Metadata 515 0 R/ViewerPreferences 516 0 R>> number, inserts). As previously with Trump, the first person singular pronoun is clearly over-used (I, me). And Donald Trump has wielded language like a cudgel. Of course, one can raise the question of the speakers spontaneity because Donna Brazile, who worked for CNN, provided, at least once, prepared questions to Clinton before a debate. The same feature can be assigned to Sanders. Students study Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech and work in groups to create a mural that depicts Dr. King's vision of peace. On 20th, January in the year 2009, he took an oath of office as the 44th president of America. Martnez and Gonzlez's (Citation 2012) study utilized Systemic Functional Linguistic meaning-making tools in analyzing U.S. presidential campaign speeches. Warm-Up Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidential Speeches Lesson Question Lesson Goals? Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate texts. To understand the difference between word type and token, consider the following sentence: the law is harsh, but it is the law.