/Type /Page /Parent 12 0 R /GS0 103 0 R Deterrence is a very useful component of national security policy, in at least two respects. Hinloopen also takes the view that under the leniency programme, deterrence would increase because of the generosity of the fine discount and with the higher probability of detection in the future. /QInserted true /QInserted true In saying this, research by Crank and Brezina (2012) suggests that some offenders find prison easier than being on the street. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /GS0 103 0 R retribution punishment should make the criminal pay for what they have done wrong. However, some correctional staff agree that allowing incentives take away inmates urge to fight or argue with other inmates and lessens opportunity for inmates to become cruel and combative towards the staff. /TT0 106 0 R /Type /Page /GS1 157 0 R << Webdeterrence, which features an individual who considers the balance of advantages and disadvantages of committing a particular crime. /TT1 113 0 R Most people who like classic cars have tattoos. endobj The argued advantages of deterrence is the idea of a short sharp >> Social contract theories are the basis of a persons moral and political obligations based. WebDeterrence definition, the act of deterring, especially deterring a nuclear attack by the capacity or threat of retaliating. /Contents 196 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page (reform). /CropBox [0 0 612 792] A government may have training programs or could, have the ability to teach an offender a trade to make them a benefit to society, so putting them to. /S /URI /S /URI 33 0 obj /TT1 113 0 R 20 0 obj >> They further argued that if it can be decided only after the apprehension that the act was planned, higher sanctions will be appropriate because these types of actors are more likely to have destroyed or hide evidence and also additional penalties should be added. One pair of economical authors, Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner, approached this concept from a mostly-positive outlook: the high incarceration rate was responsible for one-third of the crime drop in the 1990s (123-124). 5 In which cases is deterrence successful? /Subtype /Link << /TT1 113 0 R /GS0 103 0 R /Count 5 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Contents 152 0 R There are several different ways to effectively reduce crime other than these two strategies, such as reforming certain policies. )Philosophy, Which of the following is a benefit of philosophy? >> >> /URI (https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal/vol49/iss2/2?utm_source=commons.stmarytx.edu%2Fthestmaryslawjournal%2Fvol49%2Fiss2%2F2&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages) 78 0 obj )Kelly works for the local newspaper. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: EU law, or European Union law, is a system of law that is specific to the 28 members of the European Union. >> Mitchell, Cochran, Mears and Bales (2016) support the idea that prisons are not effective at deterring offenders. /T1_0 105 0 R /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Pages /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /GS0 103 0 R << /T1_1 112 0 R Better than relying on memory 2. endobj /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /T1_0 105 0 R >> >> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] endobj /TT0 106 0 R Policy experts have identified four potential mechanisms of deterrence and dissuasion in cyberspace: threat of punishment, denial by defense, entanglement, and normative taboos. >> /Border [0 0 0] /Resources << /Dest [17 0 R /XYZ 0 556 0] /Rotate 0 << /Type /Page >> /Type /Page >> /GS0 103 0 R /QInserted true /Last 18 0 R /Subtype /Link /Contents 132 0 R /Resources << Proponents of deterrence argue that the fear of punishment can be a powerful motivator for potential offenders to abstain from criminal activities. << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 3 0 R The approach based on general deterrence aims to dissuade others from following the offenders example. The use of the death penalty also raises concerns about the possibility of executing an innocent person, given the inconclusive nature of some evidence and the fallibility of the criminal justice system. /URI (http://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/853?utm_source=commons.stmarytx.edu%2Fthestmaryslawjournal%2Fvol49%2Fiss2%2F2&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages) /Resources << /Type /Action The sampling method is also significant, because it 's selective to first time offenders to maintain a non-bias study. Module 7: PunishmentRetribution, Rehabilitation, and >> /Type /Annot /Type /Metadata /QInserted true 81 0 obj /ExtGState << People learn to ask questions about the foundations of moral judgments. /A << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] To a large degree, American discourse has not broken out of that pattern. /T1_0 105 0 R /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Page endobj /Rotate 0 endobj << Thesis: It is very important for the sake of Americans tax dollars that we change the way that prisons are run and increase the productivity of inmates so when they are released from jail they are ready to be a productive member in society and have the confidence to achieve new goals. Webdeterrence, military strategy under which one power uses the threat of reprisal effectively to preclude an attack from an adversary power. This practice (also referred to as pulling-levers policing) includes problem-oriented policing strategies that follow the core principles of deterrence theory. /Count 1 A particularly controversial example of incapacitation is the so-called chemical castration of sex offenders with hormonal drugs that supposedly reduce or eliminate the sex drive. /Type /Action << /S /URI Most of the prisoners always go back to committing crimes once released from prison. << endobj >> /TT0 106 0 R /TT0 106 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Resources << Almost 5 percent of the population of the United States will go to prison at in point of their life. /QInserted true /Contents 160 0 R The possibility of severe punishments, including the death penalty, can serve as a strong deterrent for individuals contemplating such acts, ultimately saving human lives. /T1_0 105 0 R /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /TT1 113 0 R /TT0 106 0 R /TT0 106 0 R endobj /T1_1 112 0 R Determinate Sentencing Pros and Cons But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Motchenkova therefore argued that the result could be improved by relating the penalty to the illegal gains. /S /URI /Kids [27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R] >> 45 0 obj /Type /Page /Contents 186 0 R Even after release, the counterproductive, deeply internalized patterns learned in prison are still present (Haney, 2002). << 26 0 obj >> In relation to cartels it seems reasonable to raise a higher penalty according to the offenders wealth because it will further add to the deterrent effect as members /Contents 192 0 R 80 0 obj There is a requirement for the company planning the violation to estimate the gain and the probability that they will be detected and punished from all existing evidence. /GS0 103 0 R /Type /Page /Subtype /Link >> /Type /Page << Deterrence has two types general and specific. Reasons will then be considered of why imposing a high fine will not ensure optimal deterrence, for example reasons such as bankruptcy. Deterrence is most likely to be successful when a prospective attacker believes that the probability of success is low and the costs of attack are high. /Title (2018) Many, Rich et al (2014) discusses how prison provides a stable environment with regular meals; reduced access to drugs and alcohol and increased access to health care, many privileges not necessarily attainable by offenders outside of prison. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> However Wouter Wills argues that this strategy of high fines means that punishment may not be optimal because it may exceed the companys ability to pay. advantages. Published: 19th Aug 2019. /Rect [0.0 763.81604 612.0 792.0] Applying Ethical Theory-PHI2000-Moses.docx, PHI-FP2000_PartainMatt_Assessment 4-1.docx, PHI-FP2000_CinquemaniLori_Assessment_3-1.docx. >> endobj /Parent 15 0 R /Parent 4 0 R /Type /Annot Deterrence can be successful if high fines are imposed on individuals who were the core actors in the illegal conduct. Since the end of the Cold War, the perceived applicability of deterrencebut not its real applicabilityhas contracted even more. Too Specialized 2. << >> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] By simply punishing offenders, the criminal justice system often fails to address issues such as poverty, lack of education, and mental health disorders. /ExtGState << /TT1 107 0 R >> This reinforces the importance of adhering to societal norms and respecting the rule of law. /Font << /TT0 106 0 R Methods Of Bird Control: Advantages And Disadvantages | GSA >> Chelsea owns a classic car. Opines that the combination of deterrence and rehabilitation could be the best balance for the criminal justice system. /Parent 8 0 R >> It seems reasonable to impose high fines on those actors who were the ring leaders in the unlawful conduct to make the deterrent approach more effective and not allow them to enter into leniency programmes to ensure that the optimal fine can be imposed. Finally having a fixed penalty approach cannot be accepted as it would ensure optimal deterrence at the price of bankruptcy. >> << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << >> /Font << Deterrence - CORE << >> /Parent 4 0 R /S /URI Advantages and Limitations Of Classical Test Theory. a. /T1_1 112 0 R 1] How would you define and describe Apologetic in your own words including what it is and is not. /S /URI /Rotate 0 /Parent 11 0 R /A << /Font << /Parent 13 0 R 62 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] The threat of harsher punishments for repeat offenses can act as a strong deterrent for those considering re-engaging in criminal activities. /QInserted true They claim that the prison environment does the opposite in some cases and encourages offenders to commit crime, this is because labelling someone as a criminal makes them more inclined to be a criminal. Which is the most effective way to prevent viral foodborne illnesses? The unfortunate story of how the United States seems to have entered into a new Cold War with Russia not long after ending the old one with the USSRa story that has included such miscues as the eastward expansion of NATO and Western political manipulation in Ukrainereflects the thought pattern described above. Most instances of incapacitation involve offenders who have committed repeated crimes (multiple recidivists) under what are known as habitual offender statutes, which permit longer-than-normal sentences for a given offense. /Resources << /TT1 113 0 R Crime prevention is a key aim of the criminal justice system. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Rotate 0 >> (See below Effectiveness of punishment.). Such studies often have been misleading, however, because in most cases the only basis for proving that the offender repeated his crime is a further conviction. >> /TT1 113 0 R Nevertheless, there have been occasional examples showing that some sentences can have a strong deterrent effect. /Type /Action North Koreas regime comes closest to fitting the description of a gang that thinks differently from the rest of us, at least in the sense that there are plausible scenarios in which the regime is placed in extremis and all bets regarding previously observed limitations are off. >> /Type /Annot >> Therefore it is necessary to consider whether penalties imposed for cartels have been effective. /Count 5 endobj >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Border [0 0 0] 69 0 obj /Parent 16 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /T1_0 105 0 R /T1_0 105 0 R >> /T1_0 105 0 R /T1_1 112 0 R Requested samples are also required to be over the age of 25. /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Rotate 0 Determinate Sentencing During the Cold War, no concept was more central to U.S. national security strategy and to the relationship between the superpowers than deterrence. /Parent 14 0 R 17 0 obj /T1_0 105 0 R The narrow stainlesssteel pins used for support are small enough to be drilled into the mortar joints. While some studies suggest that harsh punishments, such as the death penalty, may have a potential deterrence effect, others argue that these findings are inconclusive and that alternative methods, such as rehabilitation and social support programs, may be more effective in reducing crime rates. /GS0 103 0 R If the offenders are detected and punished with sufficient severity, this should then prevent the offender and also future offenders from violating the law. to benefit everyone while evil is an attempt to harm any innocent one (House). /Parent 13 0 R >> For instance, the death penalty for murderers has been argued to save innocent lives by preventing would-be killers from committing such heinous acts. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> Deterrence /F5 95 0 R Isabella Atanasiu argued that merely publishing the cartel offence will not have a strong effect on deterrence. Y*410|})`$P|aN}*m|G. This would be because although some comparable situations would result in the same fines being imposed, many different situations would arise needing a greater or a lower fine rather than a fixed penalty. /Rotate 0 /QInserted true The endobj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] /Resources << /Parent 15 0 R Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] I am very well convinced that prison has served its first three purposes by depriving offenders freedom, but the. There are two types of deterrence: general and specific. /TT0 106 0 R https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-columbian-exchange/https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-urbanization/https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-filing-exempt/https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-free-education/https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-claiming-parents-as-dependents/https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-having-two-dental-insurance/https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-part-time-legislature-in-texas/https://prosperor.com/ways-to-save-money-single-mom/https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-the-great-society/, https://prosperor.com/ and https://www.ablison.com, https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-columbian-exchange/, https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-urbanization/, https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-filing-exempt/, https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-free-education/, https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-claiming-parents-as-dependents/, https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-having-two-dental-insurance/, https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-part-time-legislature-in-texas/, https://prosperor.com/ways-to-save-money-single-mom/, https://prosperor.com/pros-and-cons-of-the-great-society/. /S /URI WebGeneral deterrence is the idea that crime can be controlled by increasing the real or perceived threat of punishment. /T1_1 112 0 R 43 0 obj The government is there to help benefit the society to help people live a better life. << What are the advantages and Therefore by having greater publicity of the fines imposed will add a greater effect on deterrence as it helps create a credible threat of punishment. /TT1 113 0 R /GS0 103 0 R >> The concern with warehousing is that the offender will more than likely end up back in prison. /Contents 190 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj endobj The aim of this essay is to firstly analyse the concept of deterrence from an economic perspective. Its object is to reinforce their rejection of law-breaking behaviour. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] those who support retributive punishment in that the punishment /A << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] uuid:6bcd2ed1-ac73-11b2-0a00-d0e013c0fe7f << a.) /A << endobj /TT0 106 0 R /Rect [81.0 617.1 129.672 629.1] However to make the publicity message even stronger it would seem that if a prison sentence is linked then this will make those planning to commit crimes more aware of the consequences. The value of deterrence in the other direction also is too infrequently recognized. /ExtGState << /T1_1 112 0 R /T1_0 105 0 R /Subtype /Link on an agreement or contract in the society where they live (Friend). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Deterrence, on the individual level, may have a similar effect to rehabilitation (criminals stop committing crimes), but the motive is different. >> 47 0 obj >> However Kagan and Thornton found that just from hearing about sanctions being imposed on other firms had a direct impact to strengthen and improve the firms own compliance program. /TT1 113 0 R /S /URI WebAdvantages The primary advantage of determinate sentencing is that, it removes any possibility of bias during the sentencing portion of the trial, regardless of whether the judge likes a person or not. /Contents 194 0 R >> Unfortunately, neither of these outcomes have come to be true. /Rotate 0 /QInserted true /TT0 106 0 R /Type /Pages << >> /ExtGState << /Subtype /Link In addition, the rate of incarceration of mentally ill individuals is alarming. endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 4 0 R /GS0 103 0 R /CropBox [0 0 612 792] 60 0 obj /Font << endobj /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Metadata 2 0 R WebLets begin with the definition of each. Over the past 40 years U.S. incarceration has grown at an extraordinary rate, with the United States prison population increasing from 320,000 inmates in 1980 to nearly 2.3 million inmates in 2013. Theories of deterrence and retribution share the idea that punishments should be proportionate to the gravity of the crime, a principle of practical importance. 14 0 obj >> /T1_1 112 0 R /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /GS1 135 0 R endobj /TT1 113 0 R /Type /Pages This may even save the United States from getting dragged directly into such a war. /A << >> Moreover, the effectiveness of deterrence as a crime prevention strategy remains debatable, with many advocating for alternative approaches that prioritize rehabilitation and social support programs. endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Count 5 << Since the nuclear agreement of a couple of years ago took the possibility of an Iranian nuke off the table, the lack of clear thinking about deterrence persists with regard to other activity involving Iran. /Font << /Resources << /URI (http://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/854?utm_source=commons.stmarytx.edu%2Fthestmaryslawjournal%2Fvol49%2Fiss2%2F2&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages) endobj /TT1 113 0 R /Type /Action /A << /Resources << endobj This is because the higher sanction plus additional penalties added would result in a fine that may exceed any gains made. 25 0 obj Deterrence theory has proven difficult to validate, however, largely because the presence of many intervening factors makes it difficult to prove unequivocally that a certain penalty has prevented someone from committing a given crime. /Font << /TT1 113 0 R 53 0 obj Laws designed to prevent driving under the influence of alcohol (e.g., by setting a maximum legal level of blood alcohol content) can have a temporary deterrent effect on a wide population, especially when coupled with mandatory penalties and a high probability of conviction. The death penalty, for example, is a highly controversial method of deterrence, with opponents arguing that it goes against the fundamental right to life. The penalty should be set to the offenders entire wealth and when the wealth goes up so does the penalty. /Title (Microsoft Word - Crump_Final) Proponents of capital punishment have claimed that it serves as an effective deterrent against murder (see homicide). /GS1 191 0 R of Deterrence Theory for Capital Punishment endobj Wils argued that the the retributive view imposes a constraint on the pursuit of optimal deterrence in the form of the principle of proportionality of penalties. The first issue to consider is whether the deterrence approach will necessarily ensure compliance within a regulatory system. /Contents 134 0 R This most often comes with drug convictions, but there are other examples that are on the books, such as the three strikes laws that require a life sentence on someones third specific felony conviction. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /S /URI /A << >> /Type /Page /Contents 102 0 R << While it has the potential to discourage individuals from engaging in criminal activities and reduce recidivism rates, it also carries significant drawbacks, including the failure to address root causes of crime, human rights concerns, and its disproportionate impact on marginalized communities. /Parent 12 0 R endobj /I2 99 0 R /T1_0 105 0 R /QInserted true It therefore seems the burden of high penalties could only be imposed on those companies with significant assets as they will more likely have the means to pay and were more likely have had the power to control the illegal conduct. /ExtGState << /T1_0 105 0 R /QInserted true Deterring violent non-state actors: dilemmas and implications /CropBox [0 0 612 792] Individual deterrence is directed at the person being punished: it aims to teach him not to repeat the behaviour. Because a high proportion of crimes do not result in convictions, many offenders who are not reconvicted after being punished may have committed additional crimes. This is because, despite successful prosecutions and the high fines being published, overtime these events will fade from the memory and violations will be committed by new groups. >> This literature review will discuss the ineffectiveness of the United States criminal justice system and how mass incarceration of non-violent offenders, racial profiling, and a high rate of recidivism has become a problem. Info: 2615 words (10 pages) Essay By focusing on rehabilitation and addressing the root causes of crime, society may be more successful in saving human lives and reducing crime rates overall. /ExtGState << And, the probability of parole or release is non-existent. 57 0 obj /Contents 176 0 R However it seems that optimal deterrence cannot be achieved in relation to leniency programs as firstly no penalty are imposed in some situations and even if a penalty is imposed it could be greatly reduced and therefore may not equal any profits that have been made and are hidden. If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on LawTeacher.net then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! >> /TT2 108 0 R The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". /GS1 179 0 R /GS1 181 0 R >> /ExtGState << Theologian Kevin Vanhoozer has stressed that "good apologetics is less a matter of having mastered certain intellectual procedures than it is of character formation, of having become the right sort, Which of the following is a deductive argument? /Parent 16 0 R /GS0 103 0 R In relation to cartels, Wils argued that this would make the functioning and setting up of cartels much more difficult because of the fear of the higher fine being imposed on the ring leader. << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Contents 122 0 R /GS0 103 0 R << Take a look at some weird laws from around the world! Deterring violent non-state actors: implications of the theory. It is a way to avoid highly damaging outcomes without having to disarm or disable an adversarywhich often would be exceedingly painful and costly to do. There is a line, which was well read by Morgan Freeman, I am particularly fond of. 7 0 obj /Font << This practice may have worked 200 years ago, but as the world has grown more complex, time has proven that fear alone does not prevent recidivism. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. According to Bernad Bordie in his book which was titled The Absolute Weapon one of the major reason for engaging in warfare was actually not to 83 0 obj The scientific grounds are offenders and people who have not yet offended can be given help, and they can be diagnosed by experts and receive treatment needed to not offend (Cavadino, 2007, Shawshanks Redemption, an all-time best movie produced in 1994 starred and led by actors Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman. Along with failure to explore the full possibilities of how deterrence can prevent the worst outcomes where U.S. and Chinese interests are clearly divergent, U.S. policy has given insufficient attention to possibilities of mutually beneficial cooperation on other levelssuch as with the Chinese-created Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank or Chinas Belt and Road initiative. endobj Deterrence is future oriented to prevent crimes. 38 0 obj >> /Font << >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Font << /GS1 195 0 R >> 85 0 obj The Forgotten Benefits of Deterrence | The National Interest /Resources << In this assignment, I will be discussing approaches to restorative justice and illustrating their advantages and disadvantages to offending. /Contents 154 0 R /URI (http://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/851?utm_source=commons.stmarytx.edu%2Fthestmaryslawjournal%2Fvol49%2Fiss2%2F2&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages) It is thinking couched in terms of one side or the other dominating an area. /Parent 3 0 R >> /TT0 106 0 R Deterrence >> Focused Deterrence /Parent 16 0 R >> If mutual deterrence between local or regional rivals keeps a war from breaking out, so much the better for everyone, including the United States, having an interest in wars not breaking out. >> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /T1_0 105 0 R << This is supposed to give the youth support on release and more positive reintroduction back in to society. 41 0 obj /Count 47 /Rotate 0 >> To what extent is the threat of incarceration a successful deterrent of crime? endobj Steven Showell also argues that if the sanctions are to be smaller in order to achieve retributive punishment, achieving more deterrence would require investing in more resources in enforcement to catch violators of law. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Subtype /Link /Parent 16 0 R /Prev 19 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> >> Most people do not steal because they believe that stealing is dishonest; a sentence imposed on a thief reinforces that view. /Border [0 0 0] The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". >> >> << endobj Deterrence is a very useful component of national security policy, in at least two respects. He argued that reasons why a company may not be able to pay may be because the profits will not have been reserved but rather spent out on wages, salaries and tax. >> 12 0 obj Although denunciation is closely associated with general deterrence through fearand many courts have imposed sentences designed to achieve both objectives simultaneouslythere is an important distinction between them. First, by increasing the certainty of punishment, potential offenders may be deterred by the risk of apprehension. Consideration will then be given to whether the deterrence approach will always lead to success by examining some of the penalties imposed for cartel offences and whether these penalties were always be reasonable. >> endobj 1 What are the pros and cons of deterrence? /Rotate 0 /S /URI General deterrence can be defined as the impact of the threat of legal punishment on the public at large. /TT1 113 0 R >> /GS0 103 0 R >> /Type /Page /Resources << >> Best Answer. When incapacitated offenders are also associating with like-minded individuals. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. shock; using a disproportionate punishment could deter future >> WebSome advantages of giving full police authority to private police are authority to address a wider range of criminal activity, improved security-officer morale, improved career opportunities for security officers, improved relationship with public police, and increased crime deterrence. << Where external and internal factors play a part and they are fated to be a criminal. According to the United States Bureau of Justice 2010 statistics report, three-quarters of released prisoners are constantly rearrested for new crimes and more than half of these go back to prison in a period of two to three years after their release. >> Webcitizen. /Type /Page For deterrence to work the expected fine must exceed the expected gain. /T1_0 105 0 R >> Therefore it would seem better for the authority to conduct their own investigations so that the expected fine imposed upon the ring leader will be optimal. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> endobj
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