Joined Sep 10, 2011 Messages 1,241 Reaction score 66 Location Austin. WebTo compare hydration levels of athletes using a refractometer and an osmometer, based on urine measures. Here are some examples of the advantages of a refractometer: Advantages are, only one or two drops of urine is sufficient and temperature correction not necessary. advantage is communicationdisadvantage being unable to communicate. Vet Clin Pathol. Epub 2021 Mar 1. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". 'Specific gravity' is a function of the number, density and weight of the solute particles present in the urine, and is used as a measure of the concentrating power of the kidney. Tai YH, Tsai PC, Ho YL, Delaunay JJ, Wei PK. Urine samples were divided into 2 subsamples (trials A and B) for analysis. Posted on May 31, 2022 by May 31, 2022 by Urinometer. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Refractometer. Before The urinometer, a type of hydrometer, was used for measuring the specific gravity of urine. The validity of hydrometry and reagent strips was assessed by comparison with refractometry, the criterion measure for urine specific gravity. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Hunt V. Sport pins down new regulations to help ensure safe competition. measuring urine osmolality has many advantages (Table 1). Equipment. 1. urinometer 2. refractometer 3. reagent strip 4. harmonic oscillation densitometry. Picture Source: encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com. Reagent-strip measurements also tended to be greater than refractometer measurements (mean difference = 0.002 0.007) with 95% limits of agreement indicating that reagent-strip values are expected to be 0.012 less than or 0.016 greater than refractometer measurements (Figure (Figure22). Subjects were not given any special instructions concerning fluid consumption before testing. Refractometers are used to measure the quantity of sugar dissolved in water. It can be done through the following ways: Image 4: A urine testing strip using a dipstick. (2) Both methods were compared and a table for converting refractometer values to urinometer values is given. Kristin J. Stuempfle, PhD, ATC, contributed to conception and design; acquisition and analysis and interpretation of the data; and drafting, critical revision, and final approval of the article. Before you use a refractometer, it needs to be calibrated. Third, a refractometer is less likely to break than a urinometer. - concentration changes the velocity and angke at which the light passes through the solution - Prism in the refractometer determines the angle that light is passing through the urine and coverts angle to calibrated viewing scale. A significant interaction occurred between method and trial (F2,160 = 4.079, P = .0187) (Table (Table2).2). Rowe JC, Hokamp JA, Braatz JN, Freitag-Engstrom JR, Stephens NL, Chew DJ, Langston C, Rudinsky AJ. A false positive was defined as a measurement with the hydrometer or reagent strip indicating dehydration (value exceeded 1.020), when the refractometer indicated euhydration (value did not exceed 1.020). Whereas hydrometers measure specific gravity (SG) based on the density of a liquid, refractometers determine SG using refraction of light. Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital Project. pfe mise en place iso 45001 Refractometers are calibrated using: Distilled water and sodium chloride. National Collegiate Athletic Association Wrestling Rules Committee. The health care provider uses a dipstick made with a color-sensitive pad. What is a refractometer What are the advantages of using a refractometer compared to a Urinometer? the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Anal Chem. A Laboratory Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Where should I start working out out of shape? This is a health risk for the wrestler, which is the very situation the NCAA was trying to prevent with the establishment of the new wrestling rules. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Byproducts of both normal and abnormal metabolisms, Abnormal levels of a particular substance in the blood. On the negative side, refractometry brings value only when the constituents of a solution are well-known. Identify possible causes for abnormal specific gravities of urine. We use cookies to give you the best online experience. If the container being used to hold the sample isn' Hydrometers are notorious for not being accurate or consistent. Major discrepancies between biuret and refractometric results have been reported for avian samples. (4) Definition. However, interclass correlations may not be the appropriate statistical technique because the same variable is being correlated. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Thoroughly clean the urinary opening. WebThe refractometer is reliable, fast, accurate, and technically easy to use and requires only a single drop of urine. It might not always lead to accurate results because the color changes are time sensitive. Refractometers also can be used to calculate serum water concentration. If the density of Clinical refractometers also measure the refractive index of a sample, the urine specific gravity, and the percent solid in aqueous solutions. A urine test strip using a dipstick is one of the commonly used methods of checking the chemical components of urine. 7 How specific is urine specific gravity? FOIA The specific gravity of water is 1.000 under conditions of standard temperature and pressure. In conclusion, our results suggest that the refractometer is a reliable measure of urine specific gravity. In contrast, the hydrometer and reagent strips were not reliable, nor were they valid measures of urine specific gravity when compared with refractometry. The molar absorptivitas results obtained are used in the determination of the percentage of the sample levels. This may reflect tester subjectivity and the difficulty in determining the density-indicating meniscus. The reagent strips were not reliable between trials for the testers or among testers. McCrossin T, Roy LP. As weights are added one by one to the scales, water can be added to the tank so that the hydrostatic force balances the weights and bring the arm back to horizontal. The validity of hydrometry and reagent strips was assessed by comparison with refractometry, the criterion measure for urine specific gravity.811. The NCAA selected urine specific gravity as the most practical, cost-efficient hydration measure to use during the weight-certification process.4. Comparison of refractometer and biuret methods for total protein measurement in body cavity fluids. If you have a specific gravity of urine under 1.030, it means you are still within the normal range. Hydrometer readings were consistent between trials for each tester but were not consistent among testers (see Table Table1,1, Figure Figure4).4). Four hydrometers cost more than one refractometer. What are the advantages of using a refractometer compared to a urinometer?-A refractometer determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Sep-Oct 1998;24(5):480-2. No significant difference was found between the devices. 2018 Apr 3;57:e11. Urinalysis can be done at home using a urine strip test readily available in the leading pharmacy or in a laboratory setting. Most refractometers use a prism and a light source to illuminate the sample. les pronoms exercices 6emesolfge pour les nuls gratuitsolfge pour les nuls gratuit The range of comparison was limited to >/=0.6 g/dL, the lowest concentration of the biuret method's standard curve. National Collegiate Athletic Association Wrestling Rules Committee. It is performed as part of a routine urinalysis, an examination of a urine sample. Specific gravity of plasma entering glomerulus: Definition. The whole strip is dipped in the urine sample and you have to watch out for changes in colors of each square. WebAdvantages of Reractometer very small volume needed temp not necessary Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry base on principle that frequency of a sound wave entering a Therefore, our purposes were to assess the reliability of refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent-strip measurements across multiple trials and testers and to investigate the validity of hydrometer and reagent-strip measurements compared with refractometry using a variety of statistical approaches. and transmitted securely. cinma orlans : programme. An official website of the United States government. Finally, analysis of the data in Table Table11 and Figure Figure55 reveals that reagent-strip measurements were not consistent between trials for the testers or among testers. METHODS Twenty freshman NCAA Division II college football players provided urine samples on the initial day of preseason practice and again following one week of two-a day practices. Refractometer measurements were significantly lower than hydrometer or reagent-strip measurements (F2,160 = 8.993, P = .0002). The block diagram of the harmonic oscillator consists of an amplifier and a feedback network. 3 Which is better hydrometer or refractometer? Acute dehydration is a significant health risk and can lead to heat stroke and death. (4, 5). These include red blood cells, white blood cells, and epithelial cells. Disclaimer. The refractometer measures velocity of light in air versus velocity of light in a solution. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Sensors (Basel). Guthrie et al15 collected urine samples from 279 hospital outpatients and found r = .88 between reagent strips and refractometry when no correction was made for the presence of glucose in the urine and r = .92 when a correction was made for glucose. Point the prism end of the refractometer toward a light source and focus the eyepiece until the scale is clearly visible. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. What is specific gravity refractometer urine? government site. Refractometer: determines the concentration of the dissolved particles in the specimen by measuring the refractive index. 23. procedure Mix the urine & pour into the cylinder of 25ml capacity. Blood and urinary measures of hydration status during progressive acute dehydration. A false negative was defined as a measurement by the hydrometer or reagent strip indicating euhydration (value did not exceed 1.020), when the refractometer indicated dehydration (value exceeded 1.020). How might one measure the specific gravity of urine? The buoyancy of the hydrometer needle shows the specific gravity and salinity. The advantages and disadvantages of a urine test strip. First, what are the characteristics of each method? In both plots, data points occurred outside the 95% limits of agreement, which potentially influenced the analysis-of-variance results (decreased methods effect sizes) and the intraclass correlation coefficients (decreased correlation coefficients). Image 5: This is how a chart for urine dipstick analysis test looks like. In 1998, the NCAA allowed the use of all 3 methods.4 However, in 1999, the use of reagent strips was eliminated.6 Previous reports have indicated that refractometry is the criterion measure for urine specific gravity7 and that urine specific gravity measured by refractometry is a valid indication of hydration status.811 In 2 papers assessing urinary indices of hydration status, Armstrong et al8,9 reported that urine specific-gravity measurement by refractometry was a more sensitive indication of hydration status than blood measurements, including plasma osmolality, plasma sodium, or hematocrit. Spectroscopy is the study of light. Sensitivity and specificity of the hydrometer were 88% and 67%, respectively. Not sure if I'll ever use it again, since it does require such a large (compared to a refractometer) sample to get a reading. I will be doing this experiment to understand density of water compared to the volume of an object. Web measuring urine osmolality has many advantages (Table 1). Testing was done before the start of the wrestling season, and subjects had not exercised within 24 hours of testing. Popowski LA, Oppliger RA, Patrick Lambert G, Johnson RF, Kim Johnson A, Gisolfi CV. Manual methods are being replaced by digital refractometers for many reasons. 19992000 Wrestling weight certification program. Can you measure final gravity with a refractometer? Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies What to keep in mind when performing urinalysis? Make sure there are no bubbles. Clinical refractometers have a readout that gives serum albumen and urine specific gravity, which can be used to test for urine sample tampering. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Compared to hydrometers, they have the advantage that only a few drops of liquid and needed and that the measurement doesnt need to be corrected for temperature. View in full-text. Dorizzi RM, Caputo M. Measurement of urine relative density using refractometer and reagent strips. This device is beneficial for those that use protein, gelatin-based glues. Interobserver reliability of canine urine specific gravity assessed by analog or digital refractometers. Each square represents a particular component such as the concentration of urine, pH level, protein in urine such as albumin, glucose/sugar, ketones (a byproduct of fat breakdown), hemoglobin, leukocyte esterase/white blood cells, bilirubin, nitrite, and urobilinogen. The purpose of this experiment is to learn how to measure mass and volume and to determine the density of water, alcohol, and a solid. Why SJF Cannot be implemented practically? The urine should be collected first thing in the morning. Three certified athletic trainers and one athletic training student who were experienced in refractometer, hydrometer, and reagent-strip measurements served as testers. Refractive index compares: Light velocity in air with light velocity in solutions. Some that may require a more precise measurement where as others may not need such accurate measurements. Place a small amount of liquid (usually 25 drops) on the prism and secure the cover plate. Urine specific-gravity measurements normally range from 1.002 to 1.030.5 The NCAA selected a urine specific-gravity measurement of 1.020 to indicate euhydration.4 Wrestlers with a urine specific gravity 1.020 are considered euhydrated and may have their body composition assessed to determine their minimal weight for competition, whereas wrestlers with a urine specific gravity >1.020 are considered to be dehydrated and may not proceed to body-composition testing on that day. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. In just a few minutes, you will be able to find out the result. (3) For the determination of specific gravity of canine urine the urinometer is often used. It has been suggested that, when multiple tests are given for the same variable, intraclass correlation coefficients should be used.20 Furthermore, Bland and Altman21 have proposed that the best statistical approach when comparing measurement devices is the Bland-Altman plot. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Future research is warranted to assess whether a urine specific-gravity measurement of 1.020 as selected by the NCAA is an appropriate cut-off value to indicate euhydration. State the principle of the chemical dipstick test for leukocytes 35. Webrefractometer (r=0.814, p< 0.001) and handheld clinical refractometer (r=0.943, p< 0.001) with OSM. Only the refractometer should be used to determine urine specific gravity in collegiate wrestlers during the weight-certification process. The dipstick is placed in the urine to check for any abnormalities. WebTo prepare a solution appropriate for quality control of the refractometer, a technician should use: A. urea with a specific gravity of 1.040 B. water with a specific gravity of 1.005 C. sodium chloride with a specific gravity of 1.022 D. calcium chloride with an osmolarity of 460 Intraclass coefficients between refractometry and hydrometry were moderate (R = .869) and low between refractometry and reagent strips (R = .573). It has a flared out funnel shaped top to ease pouring liquids thereinto and at its lower end an The more particles there are in a liquid the more a beam of light will be bent (refracted) as it passes from one medium to another e.g. If you are using a dipstick, make sure you dip the stick briefly and completely. Aside from restricting foods, there might be some supplements and non-prescription drugs you need to completely avoid before the test. (Level 2) 12. Do the methods measure the same thing? Vet Clin Pathol. The urinometer, a type of hydrometer, was used for measuring the specific gravity of urine. WebRefractometers are especially useful for determining urine specific gravity on veterinary samples because they require relatively small sample volumes. Urine with low specific gravity can be a sign of diabetes or kidney problems. Pediatr Nephrol. WebRefractometer advantages: nexpensive instrument Refractometer disadvantages: Tedious calibration No instrument protocol Operator dependent readings( limited II. The sample solution will have its own wavelength and will absorb a certain amount of light. direct methods of measuring SG (2) Definition. We thank Sharon Birch for her statistical expertise and Michael Cantele, Joseph Donolli, and Kristin Petrovia for their assistance in data collection. The strip has squares of different colors attached to it. Bookshelf